Title | Screening in public health : case of antenatal screening for down’s syndrome | |
Authors | Kleanthi Gourounti and Katerina Lykeridou
Department of Midwifery, Technological Educational Institution of Athens, Hellas |
|
Citation | Gourounti, K., Lykeridou, K.: Screening in public health: Case of antenatal screening for down’s syndrome, Epitheorese Klin. Farmakol. Farmakokinet. 19(3): 117-125 (2005) | |
Publication Date | Accepted for publication: 5 November 2005 | |
Full Text Language | English | |
Order – Buy | Ηλεκτρονική Μορφή: pdf (10 €) – Digital Type: pdf (10 €)
pharmakonpress[at]pharmakonpress[.]gr |
|
Keywords | Prevention, screening, Down syndrome screening, principles, validity, reliability, medical consequences, psychological consequences, informed choice. | |
Other Terms | review article | |
Summary | It is widely acceptable the principle which suggests that prevention is better than cure and screening is a major strategy of secondary prevention. According to UK National Screening Committee (1998) screening could be defined as: the systematic application of a test or enquiry, to identify individuals at sufficient risk of a specific disorder to warrant further investigation or direct preventive action, amongst persons who have not sought medical attention on account of symptoms of that disorder. According to guidelines of WHO and of other professional bodies screening programs should be based on principles concerning the viability, effectiveness and appropriateness of a screening program. Although it is considered that the screening tests that are used in present follow the proposed principles it has been proved that the screening tests carry not only benefits but also risks. The major risk of screening test is the proportion of the false positive and the false negative results, because of their medical, psychological, ethical and legal consequences. Screening for Down syndrome, which now is widely practiced, it can be used as an example that reflects the medical, psychological, economical and ethical implications of screening. For example, the medical con-sequences of a false positive result in the case of antenatal screening for Down syndrome may include unnecessary invasive procedures (amniocentecis, chorionic villus sampling), the physical consequences of them and also adverse outcome of the pregnancy. Although screening has a great contribution in reduction of mortality and morbidity it must be also considered that screening have many implications and consequences. Therefore the informed consent of individuals towards screening is necessary. | |
References | 1. Wald N., Leek I.: Antenatal and Neonatal Screening. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000
2. Mutton D., Ide R.G., Alberman E.D.: Trends in prenatal screening diagnosis of Down’s syndrome: England and Wales 1989-97. Br. Med. J. 317: 922-23 (1998) 3. Trichopoulos D.: Epidemiology: Principles and Methods. Scientific Publications Parisianos, Athens, Greece, 1982 4. First Report of the National Screening Committee. UK National Screening Committee, [online] available www.nsc.nhs.uk 1998 5. Commission on Chronic Illness. Chronic Illness in the United States. Volume 1. Prevention of Chronic Illness. Cambridge, MASS: Harvard University Press, 1957 6. Screening: Why, When and How? Danish National Board of Health, 1993 7. Nicolaides K.H., Sebire N.J., Snijders R.J.M.: The 11- 14 Weeks Scan: the Diagnosis of Fetal Abnormalities. Parthenon Publishing Group, UK, 1999 8. Cuckle H., Sehmi I.: Calculating correct Down’s syndrome risks. Br. J. Obtet. Gynaec. 106: 371-372 (1999) 9. Shuttleworth G.E.: Mongolian imbecility. Br. Med. J. 2: 661-5 (1909) 10. Cohrane A.L., Holland W.W.: Validation of screening procedures. Br. Med. Bull 27: 3-8 (1971) 11. Pandya P.P., Snijders R.J.M., Johnson S., Nicolaides K.H.: Natural history of trisomy 21 fetuses with fetal nuchal translucency. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynaecol. 5: 381-383 (1994) 12. Valanis B, (ed.): Epidemiology in Health Care. Appleton and Lange Publication, London, UK, 1999 13. Farmer R., Miller D., Lawresson R. (eds): Epidemiology and Public Health. Blackwell Sciences, 1996 14. Wilson J.M.G., Jungner G.: Principles and Practice of Screening for Disease. Public Health Papers no. 34, Geneva, WHO, 1986 15. Cuckle H.S., Wald N.J.: Principles of screening in Antenatal and Neonatal Screening. N.J. Wald (ed.), Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1984 16. Phin N.: Can economics be applied to prenatal screening? Centre for Health Economics, Health Economics Consortium, Discussion paper 74, 1990 17. Tijmstra T.J., Bosboom G.J., Bouman K.: Experiences of women who decided to continue the pregnancy after diagnosis of Down’s syndrome. Ned. Tijdschr. Geneeskd. 144: 2104-2107 (2000) 18. Wald N., Rodeck C., Hackshaw A., Walters J., Chitty L., Mackinson A.: First and second trimester antenatal screening for Down’s syndrome: the results of the Serum, Urine and Ultrasound Screening Study (SURUSS). Health Technology Assessment 7(11): (2003) 19. Petticrew M., Sowden A., Lister-Sharp D., Wright K.: False-negative results in screening programmes: a systematic review of impact and implications. Health Technology Assessment 4(5): (2000) 20. Antenatal screening for Down’s syndrome: policy and quality issues, UK National Screening Committee, [online] available www.nsc.nhs.uk (2003) 21. Peckham C., Dezateux C.: Screening. Br. Med. Bulletin 54: 767-1023 (1998) 22. Marteau T.M.: Psychological costs of screening. Br. Med. J. 299: 527(1989) 23. Pandya P.P., Altman D., Brizot M.L., Pettersen H., Nicolaides K.H.: Repeatability of measurement of fetal nuchal translucency thickness. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynaecol. 5: 334-337 (1995) 24. Pergament E., Stein A.K., Fiddler M., Cho N.H., Kupferminc M.J.: Adverse pregnancy outcome after a false-positive screen for Down syndrome using multiple markers. Obstet. Gynecol. 86: 255-258 (1995) 25. Tabor A., Philip J., Masden M., Bang J., Obel E„ Norgaard-Pedersen B.: Randomised controlled trial of genetic amniocentesis in 4606 low risk women. Lancet I: 1287-1293 (1986) 26. Summers A.M., Huang T., Meier C., Wyatt P.R.: The implications of a false positive second-trimester serum screen for Down syndrome. Obstet Gynecol. 101: 1301- 1306 (2003) 27. Leporrier N., Herrou M., Morello R., Leymarie P.: Fetuses with Down’s syndrome detected by prenatal screening are more likely to abort spontaneously than fetuses with Down’s syndrome not detected by prenatal screening. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 110: 18-21 (2003) 28. Marteau T.M., Kidd J., Michie S., Cook R., Johnston M., Shaw R.W.: Anxiety, knowledge and satisfaction in women receiving false positive results on routine prenatal screening: a randomized controlled trial. J. Psychosom. Obstet. Gynaecol. 74: 185-196(1993) 29. Marteau T.M.: Reducing the psychological costs. Screening in practice. Br. Med. J. 301: 26-28 (1990) 30. Astbury J., Walters W.: Amniocentesis in the early second trimester of pregnancy and maternal anxiety. Australian Family Physician. 8: 595-599 (1979) 31. Croyle R.: Psychological Effects of Screening for Disease Prevention and Detection. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1995 32. Finley S., Varner P., Vinson P., Finley W.: Participants’ reaction to amniocentecis and prenatal genetic studies. JAMA. 238: 2377-2379 (1977) 33. Statham H., Green J.: Serum screening for Down’s syndrome: some women’s experiences. Br. Med. J. 307: 174-176(1993) 34. Wald N.J., Kennard A., Hackshaw A., McGuire A.: Antenatal screening for Down’s syndrome. J. Med. Screen. 4: 181-246 (1997) 35. Bindra R., Heath V., Liao A., Spencer K., Nicolaides K.: One-stop clinic for assessment of risk for trisomy 21 at 11-14 weeks: a prospective study of 15030 pregnancies. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynaecol. 26: 219-225 (2002) 36. Tymstra T., Bieleman B. The psychological impact of mass screening for cardiovascular risk factors. Fam. Pract. 4: 287-290 (1987) 37. Sadler M.: Serum screening for Down’s syndrome: how much do health professional know? Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol 104: 176-179 (1997) 38. Grayson A. Fetal scanning. The triple test decision. Mod Midwife 6: 10-19 (1996) 39. Cockburn J., Redman S., Hill D., Henry E.: Public understanding of medical screening. J. Med. Screen. 2: 224-227 (1995) 40. Hall S., Bobrow M., Marteau T.: Psychological consequences for parents of false negative results on prenatal screening for Down’s syndrome: retrospective interview study. Br. Med. J. 320: 407-412 (2000) 41. Hall S., Bobrow M., Marteau T.M.: Parents’ attributions of blame for the birth of a child with Down syndrome: a pilot study. Psychol. Health 12: 579-587 (1997) 42. Veatch R.: Medical Ethics. Jones and Barlett Publishers. London, UK, 1997 43. Antenatal screening and abortion for fetal abnormality: medical and ethical issues. Birth Control Trust. London, UK. 1997 44. Raynolds T.: Down’s syndrome screening is unethical: views of today’s research ethics committees. J. Clin. Pathology 56: 268-270 (2003) 45. Johnson S., Elkins T.: Ethical issues in prenatal diagnosis. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. 31: 408-417 (1988) 46. Toth A., Szabo J.: Ethical aspect of prenatal screening for Down’s syndrome. Orv. Hetil. 141: 2293-2298 (2000) 47. Rowe R., Garcia J., Davidson L.: Social and ethnic inequalities in the offer and uptake of prenatal screening and diagnosis in the UK: a systematic review. Public Health 118: 177-189 (2004) 48. Hamilton S., Maresh M.: Antenatal screening by history taking: a missed opportunity. J. Obstet Gynaecol. 19: 10-14 (1991) 49. Sandal J., Grellier S., Ahmed S., Savage W.: Women’s access, knowledge and beliefs around prenatal screening in East London. St Bartholomew School of Nursing and Midwifery, City University and Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery, King’s College, London, UK, 2001 50. Resta R.G.: Historical aspects of genetic counseling: why was maternal age 35 chosen as the cut-off for offering amniocentesis? Med. Secoli. 14: 793-811 (2002) 51. Sl.Shackley P., McGuire A., Boyd P.A., Dennis J., Fitchett M., Kay J.: An economical appraisal of alternative prenatal screening programmes for Down’s syndrome. J. Public Health Med. 15: 175-184 (1993) 52. Sheldon T., Simpson J.: Appraisal of a new scheme of prenatal screening for Down’s syndrome. Br. Med. J. 302: 1133-1136 (1991) 53. Vintzileos A.M., Ananth C., Fisher A.J., et al.: An economical evaluation of second trimester genetic ultrasonography for prenatal detection of Down syndrome. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 179: 1214-1219 (1998) 54. Savil R.: Father awarded damages for Down’s syndrome baby shock. Telegraph 25: 3 (1998) 55. Michie S., Dormandy E., Marteau T.: informed choice: understanding knowledge in the context of screening uptake. Patient Education and Counselling 50: 247-253 (2003). 56. Seeking Patients’ Consent: the Ethical Considerations. General Medical Council, London, UK, 1998 57. Second Report of the UK National Screening Committee. Departments of Health for England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales, 2000 58. Raffle A.: Information about screening-is to achieve high uptake or to ensure informed choice? Health Expectations 4: 92-98 (2000) 59. Kirkham M.: Informed Choice in Maternity Care. Palgrave Macmillan Publications, New York, 2004 |
|
Relative Papers |
Online ISSN 1011-6575
Άρθρα Δημοσιευμένα σε αυτό το Περιοδικό Καταχωρούνται στα:
- Chemical Abstracts
- Elsevier’s Bibliographic Databases: Scopus, EMBASE, EMBiology, Elsevier BIOBASE SCImago Journal and Country Rank Factor
Articles published in this Journal are Indexed or Abstracted in: • Chemical Abstracts • Elsevier’s Bibliographic Databases: Scopus, EMBASE, EMBiology, Elsevier BIOBASE SCImago Journal and Country Rank Factor
Συντακτικη Επιτροπή-Editorial Board
ΕΤΗΣΙΑ ΣΥΝΔΡΟΜΗ 2005– ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION 2005 | |
Γλώσσα Πλήρους Κειμένου – Full Text Language | Αγγλικά – English |
Παραγγελία – Αγορά – Order – Buy | Ηλεκτρονική Μορφή: pdf (70 €) – Digital Type: pdf (70 €)
pharmakonpress[at]pharmakonpress[.]gr |
Έντυπη Μορφή (70 € + έξοδα αποστολής) – Printed Type (70 € + shipping)
pharmakonpress[at]pharmakonpress[.]gr |