Τόμος 10 (1996) – Τεύχος 3 – Άρθρο 1 – Επιθεώρηση Κλινικής Φαρμακολογίας και Φαρμακοκινητικής-Διεθνής Έκδοση – Volume 10 (1996) – Issue 3 – Article 1 – Epitheorese Klinikes Farmakologias και Farmakokinetikes-International Edition

Title Exposure to fibrous and nonfibrous respirable dusts, generation of oxygen free radicals and occupational lung diseases: an introductory review
Authors Athanasios Valavanidis, Anna Theodoropoulou and Dimitra Houhoula

Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, University Campus Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece

Citation Valavanidis, A., Theodoropoulou, A., Houhoula, D.: Exposure to fibrous and nonfibrous respirable dusts, generation of oxygen free radicals and occupational lung diseases: an introductory review, Epitheorese Klin. Farmakol. Farmakokinet. 10(3): 99-119 (1996)
Publication Date Received for publication: 15 July 1996

Accepted for publication: 10 September 1996

Full Text Language English
Order – Buy  Ηλεκτρονική Μορφή: pdf (10 €) – Digital Type: pdf (10 €) 

pharmakonpress[at]pharmakonpress[.]gr

Keywords Fibrous and nonfibrous respirable dusts, occupational exposures, oxygen free radicals, oxidative damage, occupational lung diseases.
Other Terms review article
Summary Exposure to fibrous and nonfibrous minerals, inorganic dusts, coal and other respirable particles as air pollutants can cause chronic nonmalignant and malignant pulmonary diseases. Numerous epidemiological studies established the type and extent of pulmonary damage to workers from exposure to such dusts as silica, quartz, coal, asbestos, talc, sand, fly ash etc. Respirable particles of these dusts can reach the alveoli and respiratory bronchioles of the lungs where they can cause cell injury and progressively lead to adverse health effects. Research in this field contributed to our understanding of the mechanisms of cytotoxicity in dusty occupations and the form of occupational diseases. The role of oxygen free radicals and reactive oxygen species, generated by fibrous and nonfibrous respirable dusts is proved to be crucial to the initial cell injury. Also, the release of alveolar macrophages (pulmonary defenses) to engulf and digest the foreign particles can contribute to the damage of alveolar epithelium. Smoking is another important factor. The synergistic effect of cigarette smoking, which contains a great number of free radicals, carcinogens and mutagens, can substantially increase the extent of adverse pulmonary health effects. In this introductory review some basic concepts of the free radical research, and the exploration of mechanisms of cytotoxicity by fibrous and nonfibrous respirable particles have been collected, together with various biological and epidemiological studies concerned with the occupational lung diseases in dusty workplaces.
References  1.    W.R. Parkes (ed.): Occupational Lung Disorders. 2nd edition, Butterworths, Boston, London, 1982

2.    D.F. Goldsmith, D.M. Winn, C.M. Shy (eds): Silica, Silicosis and Cancer. Praeger, New York, 1986

3.    Σ.Τ. Πλέσσας: Φυσιολογία του Ανθρώπου 1: Φυσιολογία του Κυττάρου, 2: Φυσιολογία της Αναπνοής. Εκδ. Φάρμακον-Τύπος, Αθήνα, 1994,1995

– R.G. Crystal, J.B. West (eds): The Lung: Scientific Foundations. Raven Press, New York, 1991

4.    US Dept of Health and Human Services. A Report by the Surgeon General: The Health Consequences of Smoking: Chronic Obstructive Lung Diseases. Rockville MD; 1-512, 1984 and,

A Report of the Surgeon General. Cancer and Chronic Lung Diseases in the Workplace. US Dpt of Public Health Service. Rockville MD; 1-542, 1985

5.    Church D.F., Pryor W.A.: Free-radical chemistry of cigarette smoke and its toxicological implications. Environ. Health Perspect 64: 111-126 (1985)

6.    Becklake M.R.: Occupational and environmental lung disease. Chronic airflow limitation: its relationship to work in dusty occupations. Chest 88: 608-617 (1985)

7.    B.S. Levy, D.H. Wegman (eds): Occupational Health. Recognizing and Preventing Work-Related Disease, pp. 123- 127, Little Brown, Boston, 1983

8.    Craighead J.E., Kleinemnan J., Abraham J.L., Gibbs A.R., Green F.H.Y., Harley R.A., et al.: Diseases associated with exposure to silica and nonfibrous silicate minerals. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 112: 673-720 (1988)

9.    Davis G.S.: The pathogenesis of silicosis: state of the art. Chest 89: 166-169 (1986)

10.  Dalai N.S., Shi X., Vallyathan V.: Role of free radicals in the mechanisms of hemolysis and lipid peroxidation by silica: comparative ESR and cytotoxicity studies. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 22: 307-316 (1988)

11.  V. Vallyathan, V. Castranova, K. Weber, N. Dalai (eds): Oxygen Radicals and Lung Injury. Environmental Health Perspectives. National Institutes of Health, vol. 102 (Suppl 10), Dec. 1994, pp. 1-213

12.  Duffell G.M.: Pufmonotoxicity: toxic effects in the lung. In: (Williams P.L., Burson J.L., eds) Industrial Toxicology. Safety and Health Applications in the Workplace, pp. 162-193 Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1985

13.  Rhodin J.A.G.: Ultrastructure and function of the human tracheal mucosa. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 93: 13-19 (1966)

14.  Waldron H.A.: Lecture Notes on Occupational Medicine. 3rd ed., pp. 115-14 Blackwell, Oxford, 1985

15.  Morgan W.K.C., Seaton A.: Occupational Lung Diseases. 3rd ed. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1984

16.  Bernard J., Gee L.: Occupational Lung Disease. Churchill Livingston, London, 1984

17.  Halliwell B., Gutteridge J.M.C.: Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. 2nd Ed., Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989

18.  Halliwell B., Cross C.E.: Oxygen-derived species: their relation to human disease and environmental stress. In: (Vallyathan V., Castranova V., Weber K., Dalai N.. eds) Oxygen Radicals and Lung Injury. Environ. Health Perspect. 102 (Suppl 10): 5-12 (1994)

19.  B. Halliwell, O.l. Aruoma (eds): DNA and Free Radicals. Ellis-Horwood, Chichester-UK, 1993

20.  Breimer, L.: Repair of DNA damage induced by reactive oxygen species. Free Radio. Res. Commun. 14: 159-171 (1991)

21.  Culotta E., Koshtand D.E.: DNA repair works its way up to the top. Science 266: 1926-1929 (1994)

22.  Stadtman E.R., Oliver C.N.: Metal-catalyzed oxidation of proteins. Physiological consequences. J. Biol. Med. 266: 2005-2008 (1991)

23.  Davies K.J.A.: Protein modification by oxidants and the role of proteolytic enzymes. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 21: 346- 353 1993.

24.  Halliwell B., Chirico S.: Lipid peroxidation: its mechanism, measurement and significance. Am. J. CUn. Nutr. 57: S715-S725 (1993)

25.  Burton G.W., Traber M.G.: Vitamin E: antioxidant activity, biokinetics and bioavailability. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 16: 357- 382 (1990)

26.  Ames B.N., Shigenaga M.K., Hagen T.M.: Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 7915-7922 (1993)

27.  Imlay J.A., Fridovich I.: Assays of metabolic superoxide production by Escherichia coll. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 6957- 6965 (1991)

28.  Halliwell B.: Reactive oxygen species in living systems: source, biochemistry, and role in human disease. Am. J. Med. 91 (Suppl 3C): 14S-22S (1991)

29.  Maly F.E.: The B-lymphocyte: a newly recognized source of reactive oxygen species with immunoregulatory potential. Free Radio. Res. Commun. 8: 143-148 (1990)

30.  Murrell G.A.C., Francis M.J.O., Bromley L.: Modulation of fibroblast proliferation by oxygen free radicals. Biochem. J. 265: 659-665 (1990)

31.  Britigan B.E., Roeder T.L., Shasby D.M.: Insight into the nature and site of oxygen-centered free radical generation by endothelial cell monolayers using a novel spin trapping technique. Blood 79: 699-707 (1992)

32.  McCord J.M.: Oxygen-derived radicals: a link between reperfusion injury and inflammation. Fed. Proc. 46: 2402- 2406 (1987)

33.  Fridovich I.: Superoxide dismutases. Adv. Enzymol. 41: 35-48 (1974)

34.  Saran M., Michel C., Bors W.: Reactions of NO with O2, Implications for the action of endothelium-relaxing factor. Free Radio. Res. Commun. 16: 221-226 (1990)

35.  Moncada S., Palmer R.M.J., Higgs E.A.: Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology. Pharmacol. Rev. 43: 109-143 (1991)

36.  Beckman J.S., Beckman T.W., Chen J., Marshall P.A., Freeman B.A.: Apparent hydroxyl radical production by peroxynitrite: implications for the endothelial injury from nitric oxide and superoxide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 1620- 1624 (1990)

37.  Hogg N., Darley-Usmar V.M., Wilson M.T., Moncada S.: Production of hydroxy] radical from the simultaneous generation of superoxide and nitric oxide. Biochem. J. 281: 419-424 (1992)

38.  Cochrane C.G.: Mechanisms of oxidant injury of cells. Mol. Aspects Med. 12: 137-147 (1991)

39.  Halliwell B., Gutteridge J.M.C.: Role of free radicals and catalytic metal ions in human diseases. Methods Enzymol. 186: 1-85 (1990)

40.  Halliwell B., Gutteridge J.M.C.: Biologically-relevant metal ion-dependent hydroxyl radical generation. An update. FEBS Lett. 300: 108-112 (1992)

41.  Aruoma O.I., Halliwell B., Gajewski E., Dizdaroglou M.: Copper ion dependent damage to the bases in DNA in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Biochem. J. 273: 601-604 (1991)

42.  Pieper G.M., Felix C.C., Kalyanaraman B., Turk M., Roza A.M.: Detection by ESR of DMPO hydroxyl adduct formation from islets of Langerhans. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 19: 219-225 (1995)

43.  Dizdaroglou M., Nackerdien Z., Chao B.C., Gajewski E., Rao G.: Chemical nature of in vivo base damage in hydrogen peroxide-treated mammalian cells. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 285: 388-391 (1991)

44.  Slater T.F.: Free-radical mechanisms in tissue injury: review article. Biochem. J. 222: 1-15 (1984)

45.  Sies H.: Oxidative Stress: Oxidants and Antioxidants. Academic Press, Orlando, FL, 1991

46.  Chance B., Sies H., Boveris A.: Hydroperoxide metabolism in mammalian organs. Physiol Rev. 52: 527-605 (1979)

47.  Halliwell B.: How to characterize a biologic antioxidant. Free Radic. Res. Commun. 2: 569-571 (1990)

48.  Halliwell B., Gutteridge J.M.C.: The antioxidants of human extracellular fluids. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 200: 1-8 (1990)

49.  Haliiwell B.: Oxidants and human disease: some new concepts. FASEB J. 1: 358-364 (1987)

50.  Orrenius S., McConkey D.J., Bellomo G., Nicotera P.: Role of Ca2+ in toxic cell killing. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 10: 281-285 (1989)

51.  Steinberg D., Parthasarathy S.t Carew T.E., Khoo J.C., Witztum J.L.: Beyond cholesterol. Modifications of low-density lipoprotein that increase atherogenicity. N. Engl J. Med. 320: 915-924 (1989)

52.  Comporti M.: Glutathione-depleting agents and lipid per-oxidation. Chem. Phys. Lipids 45: 143-169 (1987)

53.  Halliwell B.: Cigarette smoking and health: a radical view. J. Royal Soc. Health 112: 91-96 (1993)

54.  Pryor W.A., Stone K.: Oxidants in cigarette smoke: radicals, hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrate and peroxynitrite. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 686: 12-27 (1993)

55.  Gutteridge J.M.C.: Free radicals in disease processes: a compilation of cause and consequence. Free Radic. Res. Commun. 19: 141-158 (1993)

56.  Halliwell B., Gutteridge J.M.C., Cross C.E.: Free radicals, antioxidants, and human diseases: where are we now? J. Lab. Clin. Med. 112: 598-620 (1992)

57.  Halliwell B.: Reactive oxygen species and the central nervous system. J. Neurochem. 52: 1609-1623 (1992)

58.  Ferrari R., Ceconi C., Curello S., Cargnoni A., Alfieri O., Pardini A., et al.: Oxygen free radicals and myocardial damage: protective role of thiol-containing agents, Am. J. Med. 91 (Suppl. 3C): 95S-105S (1991)

59.  Kensler T.M., Taffe B.G.: Free radicals in tumor promotion. Adv. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 2: 347-356 (1986)

60.  Sun Y.: Free radicals, antioxidant enzymes, and carcinogenesis. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 5: 583-592 (1990)

61.  Goldstein B.D., Witz G.: Free radicals and carcinogenesis. Free Radic. Res. Commun. 11: 3-10 (1990)

62.  Trush M.A., Kensler T.W.: An overview of the relationship between oxidative stress and chemical carcinogenesis. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 10: 201-214 (1991)

63.  Cerutti P., Trump B.: Inflammation and oxidative stress in carcinogenesis. Cancer Ceils 3: 1-7 (1991)

64.  Merchant J.A., Boehleche B.A., Picket-Harner M. (eds): Occupational Respiratory Diseases. US Dpt of Health. Publ. No 86-102, GPO, Washington DC, 1986

65.  Heppleston A.G.: Minerals, fibrosis and the lung. Environ. Health Perspect. 94: 149-168 (1991)

66.  Becklake M.R.: Pneumoconioses. In: (Murray J.F., Nadel J.A., eds) Textbook of Respiratory Medicine, pp. 1556-1592, W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1988

67.  International Agency for Research on Cancer. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Vol. 42. Silica and Some Silicates. IARC Pubis, Lyon, 1987

68.  McDonald J.C.: Silica, silicosis, and lung cancer. Br. J. Ind. Med. 46: 289-291 (1989)

69.  Goldsmith D.F., Winn D.M., Shy C.M.: Silica, Silicosis, and Cancer. Controversy in Occupational Medicine. Praeger, New York, 1986

70.  Hardy T.S., Weill H.: Crystalline silica: risks and policy. Environ. Health Perspect. 102: 152-155 (1995)

71.  Merlo F., Constantin! M., Reggiardo G., Ceppi M., Puntoni R.: Lung cancer among refractory brick workers exposed to crystalline silica: a retrospective cohort study. Epidemiology 2: 299-305 (1991)

72.  Checkoway H., Heyer N.J., Demers P.A., Breslow N.E.: Respiratory disease and lung cancer mortality in the diatomaceous earth industry. Presented at the 2nd International Symposium on Silica, Silicosis, and Cancer. San Francisco, October, 1993

73.  Thomas T.L., Stewart P.A.: Mortality form lung cancer and respiratory disease among pottery workers exposed to silica and talc. Am. J. Epidemiol. 125: 35-43 (1987)

74.  Lynge E., Kurppa K., Kristofersen L., Malker H., Saull H.: Silica dust and lung cancer: results from the Nordic occupational mortality and cancer incidence registers. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 77: 883-889 (1986)

75.  Collis E.L., Gilchrist J.C.: Effects of dust upon coal trimmers. J. Ind. Hyg. 10: 101-110 (1928)

76.  Jocobsen M., Rae S., Walton W.H., Rogan J.M.: The relation between pneumoconiosis and dust exposure in British coal miners. In: (Walton W.H., ed.) Inhaled Particles III, pp. 903-919, Unwin Bros, Old Woking, UK, 1971

77.  Hurley J.F., Copland L., Dodgson J„ Jacobsen M.: Simple pneumoconiosis and exposure to dust at 10 British coal mines. Br. J. Ind. Med. 42: 120-127 (1982)

78.  Dalai N.S., Suryan M., Jafari B., Shi X., Vallyathan V., Green F.H.Y.: Electron spin resonance detection of reactive free radicals in fresh coal and quartz dust and its implication to pneumoconiosis. In: (Frantz R.L., Ramani V., eds) Respirable Dust in the Mineral Industry: Health Effects Characterization and Control, pp. 20-29, Pennsylvania State Univ., PA, 1986

79.  Dalal N.S., Jafari B., Petersen M., Green F.H.Y., Vallyathan V.: Presence of stable coal radicals in autopsied coal miners’ lungs and its possible correlation to coal workers’ pneumoconiosis. Arch. Environ. Health 46: 366-372 (1991)

80.  Mossman B.T., Gee J.B.L.: Asbestos-related diseases. N. Engl. J. Med. 320: 1721-1730 (1979)

81.  Hammond E.C., Selikoff I.J., Seideman H.: Asbestos exposure, cigarette smoking and death rates. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 330: 473-490 (1979);

– Lilis R., Selikoff I.J., Lerman Y., Seidman H., Gelbs S.K.: Asbestosis: interstitial pulmonary fibrosis and pleural fibrosis in a cohort of asbestos insulation workers: influence of cigarette smoking. Am. J. Ind. Med. 10: 459-470 (1986)

82.  Craighead J.E., Mossman B.T.: The pathogenesis of asbestos-associated diseases. N. Engl. J. Med. 306: 1446- 1455 (1982)

83.  Lilienfeld D.E., Mandel J.S., Coin P., Schuman L.M.: Projection of asbestos related diseases in the United States, 1985-2009 I. Cancer. Br. J. Ind. Med. 45: 283-291 (1988)

84.  Peto J., Hodgson J.T., Matthews F.E., Jones J.R.: Continuing increase in mesothelioma mortality in Britain. Lancet 345: 535-539 (1995)

86.  Beckiake M.R., Case B.W.: Fiber burden and asbestos-related lung disease: determinants of dose-response relationships (editorial). Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med 150: 1488-1492 (1994)

87.  Mossman B.T., Bignon J., Corn M., Eaton A., Gee J.B.L.: Asbestos: scientific developments and implications for public policy. Science 247: 294-301 (1990)

88.  Kamp D.W., Gracefa P., Pryor W., Weitzman S.A.: The role of free radicals in asbestos-induced diseases. Free Rad Biol. Med. 12: 293-315 (1992)

89.  Weitzman S.A., Gracefa P.: Asbestos catalyzes hydroxyl and superoxide radical generation from hydrogen peroxide. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 228: 373-376 (1984)

90.  Hansen K., Mossman B.T.: Generation of superoxide (O2) form alveolar macrophages exposed to asbestoform and nonfibrous particles. Cancer Res. 47: 1681-1686 (1987)

91.  Reid T.R., Torti F.M., Ringold G.M.: Evidence for two mechanisms by which tumor necrosis factor kills cells. J. Biol. Chem. 264: 4583-4589 (1989)

92.  Delzell E., Grufferman S.: Mortality among white and non white farmers in North Carolina, 1976-78. Am. J. Epidemiol. 121: 391-402 (1986)

93.  Lang L.: Danger in the dust. Environ. Health Perspect. 104: 26-30 (1996)

94.  Rask-Andersen A.: Organic dust syndrome among farmers. Br. J. Ind. Med. 46: 233-238 (1989)

95.  Donham K.J.: Hazardous agents in agricultural dusts and methods of evaluation. Am. J. Ind. Med. 10: 205-220 (1986)

96.  Rylander R., Bake B., Fisher J., Helander I.: Pulmonary function and symptoms after inhalation of endotoxin. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 140: 981-986 (1989)

97.  Amishima M., Munakata M., Ohtsuka Y., Satoh A., Takahashi T., Taguchi H., et al.: Dairy farmers have increased melhacholine bronchial responsiveness independent of sensitization to mold antigens. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 151: 1794-1798 (1955)

98.  Scansetti G., Coscia G.C., Pisani G.F.: Cement, asbestos, and cement-asbestos pneumoconioses – A comparative clinical-roetgenographic study. Arch. Environ. Health 30: 272-275 (1975)

99.  Driscoll K.E., Maurer J.K., Lindenschmidt R.C., Romberger D., Rennard S.I.: Respiratory tract responses to dust: relationships between dust burden, lung injury, alveolar macrophage fibronectin release, and the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 106: 88-101 (1990)

100. Gilks B., Churg A.: Aluminum-induced pulmonary fibrosis: do fibers play a role. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 136: 176-179 (1987)

101. Ferin J., Oberdorster G.: Biological effects and toxicity assessment of titanium dioxides: Anatase and rulite. Am. Ind. Hug. Assoc. J. 46: 69-72 (1985)

102. Kriebel D., Brain J.D., Sprince N.L., Kazemi H.: The pulmonary toxicity of beryllium. State of the art. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 137: 464-473 (1988)

103. Sprince N.L., Oliver L.C., Eisen E.A., Greene R.E., Chamberlin R.I.: Cobalt exposure and lung disease in tungsten carbide production. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 136: 1220- 1226 (1988)

104. Lippman M.: Health effects of ozone. A critical review. J. Air Poll. Control Assoc. 39: 672-695 (1989)

105. Driscol K.E., Vollmuth T.A., Schlesinger R.B.: Acute and subchronic 03 inhalation in the rabbit: response of alveolar macrophages. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 21: 27-43 (1987)

106. Laskin D.L., Pendrino K.J., Punjabi C.J., Rodriguez del Valle M., Laskin J.D.: Pulmonary and hepatic effects of inhaled ozone in rats. Environ. Health Perspect. 102 (Suppl. 10): 61-64 (1994)

107. Zalma R., Bonneau L., Giugnard J., Pezerat H., Jaurand M.-C.: Formation of oxyradicals by oxygen reduction arising from the surface activity of asbestos. Can. J. Chem. 65: 2338-2341 (1987)

108. Mossman B.T., Marsh J.P., Shatos M.A.: Alteration of superoxide dismutase activity in tracheal epithelial cells by asbestos and inhibition of cytotoxicity by antioxidants. Lab. Invest. 54: 204-212 (1986)

109. Shatos M.A., Doherty J.M., Marsh J.P., Mossman B.T.: Prevention of asbestos-induced cell death in rat lung fibroblasts and alveolar macrophages by scavengers of active oxygen species. Environ. Res. 44: 103-116 (1987)

110. Quinlan T.R., Marsh J.P., Janssen Y.M.W., Borm P.A., Mossman B.T.: Oxygen radicals and asbestos-mediated disease. Environ. Health Perspect. 102 (Suppl. 10): 107-110 (1994)

111. Janssen Y.M.W., Marsh J.P., Absher M.P., Hemenway D., Vacek P.M., Leslie K.O., et al.: Expression of antioxidant enzymes in rat lungs after inhalation of asbestos or silica. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 10625-10630 (1992)

112. Pegg A.E.: Polyamine metabolism and its importance in the neoplastic growth and as a target for chemotherapy. Cancer Res. 48: 759-774 (1988)

113. Marsh J.P., Mossman B.T.: Role of asbestos and active oxygen species in activation and expression of ornithine de-carboxylase in hamster tracheal epithelial cells. Cancer Res. 51: 167-173 (1991)

114. Nash T., Allison A.C., Harington J.S.: Physiochemical properties of silica in relation to its toxicity. Nature 210: 259- 261 (1966)

115. Nolan R.R., Langer A.M., Harington J.S., Oster G., Selikoff I.J.: Quartz hemolysis as related to its surface functionalities. Environ. Res. 26: 503-520 (1981)

116. Fubini B.: The surface chemistry of crushed quartz dust in relation to its pathogenicity, Org. Chem. Acta 183: 193-197 (1987)

117. Weiss S.J., LoBuglio A.F.: Biology of disease: phago-cytegenerated oxygen metabolites and cellular injury. Lab. Invest. 47: 5-18 (1982)

118. Shi X., Mao Y., Daniel L.N., Saffioti U., Dalai N.S., Vallyathan V.: Silica radical-induced DNA damage and lipid peroxidation. Environ. Health Perspect. 102 (Suppl. 10): 149- 154 (1994)

119. Vallyathan V., Mega J.F., Shi X., Dalai N.S.: Enhanced generation of free radicals from phagocytes induced by mineral dusts. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 6: 404-413 (1992)

120. Vallyathan V.: Generation of oxygen radicals by minerals and its correlation to cytotoxicity. Environ. Health Perspect. 102 (Suppf. 10): 111-115 (1994)

121. Daniel L.M., Mao Y., Saffiotti LI.: Oxidative DNA damage by crystalline silica. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 14: 463-472 (1992)

122. Turver C.J., Brown R.C.: The role of catalytic iron in asbestos induced lipid peroxidation and DNA-damage in CeH10T1i2 cells. Br. J. Cancer 56: 133-136 (1987)

123. Leanderson P., Soderkvist P., Tagesson C.: Hydroxyl radical mediated DNA base modification by manmade mineral fibres. Br. J. Ind. Med. 46: 435-438 (1989)

124. Vallyathan V., Castranova V., Rack D., Leonard S„ Shumaker J., Hubbs A.F., et al.: Freshly fractured quartz inhalation leads to enhanced lung injury and inflammation. Potential role of free radicals. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 152: 1003-1009 (1995)

125. Saffiotti U.: Lung cancer induction by crystalline silica. In: (D’Amato R., Slaga T.J., Farland W.H., Henry C., eds) Relevance of Animal Studies to the Evaluation of Human Cancer Risk; pp. 51-69, Wiley-Liss, New York, 1992

126. Saffiotti U., Daniel L.N., Mao Y., Williams A.O., Kaighn M.E., Ahmed N., Knapton A.D.: Biological studies on the carcinogenic mechanisms of quartz. Rev. Mineral. 28: 523-544 (1993)

127. Knekt P., Reunanen A., Takkunen H., Aromaa A., Heliovaara M., Hakulinen T.: Body iron stores and risk of cancer. ht. J. Cancer 56: 379-382 (1994)

128. Stevens R.G., Kalkware D.R.: Iron, radiation, and cancer. Environ. Health Perspec. 87: 291-300 (1990)

129. Selby J.V., Friedman G.D.: Epidemiologic evidence of an association between iron stores and risk of cancer, Int J. Cancer 41: 677-682 (1988)

130. Toyokunî S.: Iron-induced carcinogenesis: the role of redox regulation. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 20: 553-566 (1996)

131. Graft E., Mahoney J.R., Bryant R.G., Eaton J.W.: Iron-catalyzed hydroxyl radical formation. J. Biol. Chem. 259: 3620-3624 (1984)

132. Hardy J.A., Aust A.E.: Iron in asbestos chemistry and carcinogenicity. Chem. Rev. 95: 97-118 (1995)

133. Ghio A.J., Kennedy T.P., Whorton A.R., Crumbliss A.L., Hatch G.E., Hoidal J.R.: Role of surface complexed iron in oxidant generation and inflammation induced by silicates. Am. J. Physiol. 263: 511-518 (1992)

134. Aruoma O.I., Halliwell B., Dizdaroglou M.: Damage to the base in DNA induced by hydrogen peroxide and ferric ion chelates. J. Biol. Chem. 264: 13024-13028 (1989)

135. Keeling B., Li K.Y., Churg A.: Iron enhances uptake of mineral particles and increases lipid peroxidation in tracheal epithelial cells. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 10: 683-688 (1994)

136. Pryor W.A., Prier D.G., Church D.F.: Electron spin resonance study of mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke: nature of the free radicals in gas-phase smoke and in cigarette tar. Environ. Health Perspect. 47: 345-355 (1983)

137. Pryor W.A.: Cigarette smoke and the involvement of free radical reactions in chemical carcinogenesis. Br. J. Cancer 55 (Suppl. VIII): 19-23 (1987)

138. Nakayama T., Kaneko M., Kodama M., Nagata C.: Cigarette smoke induces DNA strand breaks in human cells. Nature 314: 462-464 (1985)

139. Fielding S., Short C., Davies K., Wald N., Bridges B.A., Watres R.: Studies on the ability of smoke from different types of cigarettes to induce DNA single strand breaks in cultured human cells. Mutat. Res. 214: 147-151 (1989)

140. Leaderson P., Tagesson C.: Cigarette smoke-induced DNA damage in cultured human lung cells: role of hydroxyl radicals and endonuclease activation. Chem. Biol. Interactions 81: 197-208 (1992)

141. Stone K., Bermudez E., Pryor W.A.: Aqueous extracts of cigarette tar containing the tar free radical cause DNA nicks in mammalian cells. Environ. Health Perspect. 102 (Suppl. 10): 173-178 (1994)

142. Bermudez E., Stone K., Carter K.M., Pryor W.A.: Environmental tobacco is as damaging to DNA as mainstream smoke. Environ. Health Perspect. 101: 870-874 (1994)

143. Reif D.W.: Ferritin as a source of iron for oxidative damage. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 12. 417-427 (1992)

144. Lapenna D., De Gioia S., Mezzetti A., Ciofani G., Con- soli A., Marzio L., Cuccurullo F,: Cigarette smoke, ferritin, and lipid peroxidation. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 151: 431-435 (1995)

145. Qiam M., Eaton J.W.: Tobacco-borne siderophoric activity. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 275: 280-288 (1989)

146. Thompson A.B., Bohling T., Heires A., Linder J., Rennard S.I.: Lower respiratory tract iron burden is increased in association with cigarette smoking. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 117: 493-499 (1991)

147. Church D.F., Burkey T.J., Pryor W.A.: Preparation of human lung tissue from cigarette smokers for analysis by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Methods Enzymol. 168: 665-669 (1990)

148. Ohta Y., Shiraishi H., Tabata Y.: An electron spin resonance study of free radicals in black dust deposited in human lungs. Arch. Environ. Health 40: 279-283 (1985)

149. Nakayama T., Church D.F., Pryor W.A.: Quantitative analysis of the hydrogen peroxide formed in aqueous cigarette tar extracts. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 7: 9-15 (1989)

150. Zang L.-Y., Stone K., Pryor W.A.: Detection of free radicals in aqueous extracts of cigarette tar by electron spin resonance. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 19: 161-167 (1995)

151. Saracci R.: The interaction of tobacco smoking and other agents in cancer etiology. Epidemiol. Rev. 9: 175-193 (1987)

152. Valavanidis A., Balomenou H., Macropoulou I.: A study of the synergistic interaction of asbestos fibers with cigarette tar extracts for the generation of hydroxyl radicals in aqueous buffer solution. Free Rad. Bioi. Med. 21 (1996) (in press)

153. Leaderson P., Tagesson C.: Mineral fibers, cigarette smoke, and oxidative DNA damage. In: (Halliwell B., Aruoma O.I., eds) DNA and Free Radicals; pp. 293-314, Ellis Horwood Ltd, Chichester, UK, 1993

154. Jackson J.H., Schraufstatter I.U., Hyslop P.A., Vosbeck K., Sauerheber R., Weitzman S.A., Cochrane C.G.: Role of oxidants in DNA damage. Hydroxyl radical mediates the synergistic DNA damaging effects of asbestos and cigarette smoke. J. Clin. Invest. 80: 1090-1095 (1987)

155. Selikoff I.J., Hammond E.C., Churg J.: Asbestos exposure, smoking and neoplasia. J.A.M.A. 204: 104-110 (1968)

Relative Papers

Online ISSN 1011-6575

Άρθρα Δημοσιευμένα σε αυτό το Περιοδικό Καταχωρούνται στα:

Articles published in this Journal are Indexed or Abstracted in: • Chemical Abstracts • Elsevier’s Bibliographic Databases: Scopus, EMBASE, EMBiology, Elsevier BIOBASE SCImago Journal and Country Rank Factor

Τι είναι η Επιθεώρηση Κλινικής Φαρμακολογίας και Φαρμακοκινητικής-Διεθνής Έκδοση-Οδηγίες προς τους Συγγραφείς – 
What is Epitheorese Klinikes Farmakologias 
και Farmakokinetikes-International Edition-Instrunctions to Authors

Άρθρα Δημοσιευμένα στην Επιθεώρηση Κλινικής Φαρμακολογίας και Φαρμακοκινητικής-Διεθνής Έκδοση – 
Articles Published in Epitheorese Klinikes Farmakologias 
και Farmakokinetikes-International Edition

Συντακτικη Επιτροπή-Editorial Board

ΕΤΗΣΙΑ ΣΥΝΔΡΟΜΗ 1996 – ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION 1996
Γλώσσα Πλήρους Κειμένου – Full Text Language Αγγλικά – English
Παραγγελία – Αγορά – Order – Buy Ηλεκτρονική Μορφή: pdf (70 €) – Digital Type: pdf (70 €)

pharmakonpress[at]pharmakonpress[.]gr

Έντυπη Μορφή (70 € + έξοδα αποστολής) – Printed Type (70 € + shipping)

pharmakonpress[at]pharmakonpress[.]gr

 

 

 

Bookmark the permalink.

Comments are closed.