Τόμος 22 (2008) – Τεύχος 1 – Άρθρο 5 – Επιθεώρηση Κλινικής Φαρμακολογίας και Φαρμακοκινητικής-Διεθνής Έκδοση – Volume 22 (2008) – Issue 1 – Article 5 – Epitheorese Klinikes Farmakologias και Farmakokinetikes-International Edition

Title Mercury levels in the hair of pregnant women and women dentists at childbearing age, living in costal areas of Greece
Authors A. Chalkias1, F. Babatsikou2, A. Nestoridou1 and T. Zagkalis1

1. Department of Public Health and 2. Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health and Caring Professions, Technological Educational Institution (T.E.I.) of Athens, Athens, Greece

Citation Chalkias, A., Babatsikou, F., Nestoridou, A.,  Zagkalis, T.: Mercury levels in the hair of pregnant women and women dentists at childbearing age, living in costal areas of Greece, Epitheorese Klin. Farmakol. Farmakokinet. 22(1): 47-52 (2008)
Publication Date Accepted for publication (Final verson): April 1, 2008
Full Text Language English
Order – Buy  Ηλεκτρονική Μορφή: pdf (10 €) – Digital Type: pdf (10 €)

pharmakonpress[at]pharmakonpress[.]gr

Keywords Mercury, pregnant women, women dentists, seafood consumption, hair.
Other Terms Review article
Summary The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effective exposure to mercury of pregnant women and women dentists at childbearing age, living in coastal areas of Greece. Scalp hair samples were taken from 30 pregnant women aged from 19 to 39 who reside in Attica and Zante inland and from 36 dentist women aged from 21 to 44 who had their dental surgeries in Athens. The participants completed standardized weekly nutritional questionnaires. The levels of mercury were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. In all the examined samples mercury levels have been found within acceptable limits, established by FAO/WHO/UNEP and the mean value, in both groups, were lower than in most similar studies. Mercury concentration in women dentists was about twice that of pregnant women even after controlling for confounding factors. The findings suggest that there is no evident risk for both groups when seafood consumption is relatively low. The eventual risk would be significantly higher for women at childbearing age working in dental surgeries. Possible health hazard might exist for women living in small non-touristic inlands and seaboard towns, consuming large quantities of seafood.
References 1.         Jonasson I.R., Boyle R.W.: Geochemistry of mercury. In: Mercury in Man’s Environment. Proceedings of a Symposium. The Royal Society of Canada, p. 22, 1971

2.        Flerscher M.: Natural Sources of some trace elements in the environment. In: Cycling and Control of Metals. National Environmental Research Canter. Cincinnati, p. 3, 1973

3.        Mercury: World Book 2000. Vol. 13, 2000

4.        Firmreite N.: Mercury uses in Canada and their possible hazards as sources of mercury. Environ. Pollut. 1: 119 (1970)

5.        Environment Canada: Ambient Air Levels of Mercury in the Vicinity of Selected Chloro-Alkali Plants. Surveillance Report EPS 5-AP-73-12, Air Pollution Control Directorate, Ottawa, July, 1973

6.        EC (European Commission), 2003. Draft Report from Task 3.2.11: Assessment of the dietary exposure to arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury of the population of the EU Member States. European Commission, Directorate-General Health and Consumer Protection, Reports on tasks, for scientific co-operation, Final draft, 5 December 2003

7.         Environmental Health Criteria 118: Inorganic Mercury. World Health Organization, Geneva, 1991

8.        Fagerstrom T., Jernelov A.: Formation of methylmercury from pure mercuric sulphide. Water Res. 5: 121 (1971)

9.        WHO: Environmental Health Criteria I. Mercury. Published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme and the World Health Organization, 1976

10.      Jernelov A.: The effect of acidity on uptake of mercury in fish. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth Rochester international Conference on Environmental Toxicity Polluted Ran. University of Rochester, New York, 1979

11.       Osowski S.L., Brewer L.W., Baker O.E., Cobb G.R.: The decline of mink in Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina: The role of contaminants. Arch. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 29: 418-423 (1995)

12.      Clarkson T.W.: The toxicology of mercury. Crit. Rev. Clin. Labor. Sci. 34: 369-403, (1997)

13.      Chalkias A.: Levels of Methylmercury in the hair of Greek Consumers of Seafood. Epidemiological Study. Athens, 1989

14.      Nakou S., Chalkias A., Horvat M., Stegnar P.: Mercury levels i n the hair of Greek fishermen and their families. Arch. Greek Med. 10: 226-231 (1993)

15.      Jackson A., Key T., Wi lliams C, et al: Advice on fish consumption: benefits and risk. In: Committee on Toxicity, Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition London (2004) United Kingdom: The Stationery Office. (http://www.food. gov.uk/lmuitimedia/pdfs/fishreport2004fuil.pdf). (Accessed February 20, 2007)

16.      Nylander M., Friberg L., Lind B.: Mercury concentrations in the human brain and kidneys in relation to exposure from dental amalgam fillings. Swed. Dent. J. 11: 179-187 (1987)

17.       Molin M., Marklund S., Bergman B., Bargman M., Stenman E.: Plasma-selenium, glutathione peroxidase in erythrocytes and mercury in plasma in patients allegedly subject to oral galvanism. Scand. J. Dent. Res. 95: 328-334 (1987)

18.      Dental Amalgam: Update on Safety Concerns. JADA 129:494-501 (1998); Accessed Nov 2005

19.      Chemical Hazards, Alberta work safe April 2007

20.      Sobhealth@juno.com

21.      www.toxicsiink.org

22.      Hock C., Drasch G., Golombowski S., et al.: increased blood mercury levels in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. J. Neural. Transm. 105: 59-68 (1998)

23.      Echeverría D., Aposhian H.V., Woods J.S., Aposhian M.M., Bitner A.C.,Jr., Mahurin R.K., Cianciola M.: Neurobehavorial effect from exposure to dental, amalgam Hgo: New distinctions between recent exposure and Hg body burden. FASEB J. 12: 971-980 (1998)

24.      EPA Dental Amalgam a Toxic Hazard. ADA News 20 (2): 1,6 16 Jan 1989

25.      Richardsson G.M.: Risk assessment amalgam report initiated by Health Canada, 1996

26.      Molin M.: Mercury Released from Dental Amalgam in Man. Swedish Dental J. Suppl. 71 (1990)

27.      Molin M., Berglund J.R., Mackert Jr.: Kinetic of mercury in blood and urine after amalgam removal. J. Dent Res 74: 420 LADR Abstract 159 (1995)

28.      Nielsen J.B., Andersen O., Grandjean P.: Evalualion of Mercury in hair, blood, and muscle as biomarkers for methylmercury exposure in male and female mice. Arch. Toxicol. 68: 317 321 (1994)

29.      Reserch Triangle Institute. Toxicological profile for mercury: potential for human exposure. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services; 1997. Chap 5, p. 303-69

30.      Ninomiya T., Ohmori H., Hashimoto K., Tsuruta K., Ekino S.: Expansion of methylmercury poisoning outside Minamata: An epidemiological study on chronic methylmercury poisoning outside of Minamata. Environ. Res. J. 70: 47-50 (1995)

31.      Bakir F., Damluji A., Amin-Zaki L., Mutadha M., Khalidi A., Al-Rawi N., et al.: Methylmercury poisoning in Iraq: an interuniversity report Science 181: 230-241 (1973)

32.      Harada M.: Minamata disease: Methylmercury poisoning in Japan caused by environmental pollution. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 25: 1-24 (1995)

33.      Korogi Y., Takahashi M., Shinzato J., Okajima T.: MR Findings in seven patients with organic mercury poisoning (Minamata Disease). Am. J. Neuroradiol. 15′. 1575-1578 (1994)

34.      Ninomiya T., Ohmori H., Hashimoto K., Ekinos S.: Expansion of methylmercury poisoning outside of Minamata: an epidemiological study on chronic methylmercury poisoning outside of Minamata. Environ Res 70(1): 47-50 (1995)

35.      Koos B.J., Longo L.D.: Mercury toxicity in the pregnant woman, foetus and newborn infant. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 126: 390-409 (1976)

36.      Environmental Protection Agency. National advice on mercury i n fish caught by family and friends: For women who are pregnant or may become pregnant, nursing mother, and young children. Washington: Environmental Protection Agency, 2001. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/ost/fishadvice/factsheet.html. Accessed Aug 2002

37.      Olsen S.F., Olsen J., Frische G.: Does fish consumption during pregnancy increase fetal growth? A study of the size of the newborn, placental weight and gestational age in relation to fish consumption during pregnancy. Int. J. Epidemiol 19: 971-977 (1990)

38.      Olsen S.F., Grandjean P., We i he P., et al: Frequency of seafood intake in pregnancy as a determinant of birth weight: evidence for a dose dependent relationship. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 47: 436-440 (1993)

39.      Halldorsson Th.I., Meltzer H., Thorsdottir I., Knudsen V., Olsen S.: Is High Consumption of Fatty Fish during Pregnancy a Risk Factor for Fetal Growth Retardation? A Study of 44,824 Danish Pregnant Women. Am. J. Epidemiol. 166: 687-696 (2007)

40.      Thorsdottir I., Birgisdotti r B.E., Halldorsdottir S., et al.: Association of fish and fish liver oil intake in pregnancy with infant size at birth among women of normal weight before pregnancy in a fishing community. Am. J. Epidemiol 160: 460-465 (2004)

41.      National Research Council. Toxicological effects of methylmercury. Washington: National Academy Press, 2000

42.      Canto-Pereiva L.H.M., Lago M., Costa M.F., Rodrigues A.R., Saito C., Silveira L.C.L., Ventura D.F.: Visual impairment on dentists related to occupational mercury exposura. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 19: 517-522 (2005)

43.      ARC. Mercury and mercury compounds. In: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 58, Beryllium, Cadmium, Mercury and Exposures in the Glass Manufacturing Industry. Lyon, IARC, p. 239-345, 1994

44.      Parking D.M., Whelan S.L., Ferlay J., Raymond L., Young J., eds. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. VII (ARC Scientific Publications No 143). Lyon, IARC, 1997

45.      Trichopoulou A., Chalkias A., Polychronopoulos E., Tzonou A.: Selenium concentration in the hair of seafood consumers. Iatriki 56: 43 (1989)

46.      Horvat M., Nolde N., Fajon V., Jereb V., Logar M., Lojen S., Jacimovic R., Falnoga I., Liya Q., Fageneli J., Drobne D.: Total mercury, methylmercury and selenium in mercury polluted areas in the province Guizhou, China. Sci Total Environ. 304 (1-3): 231-256 (2003)

47.      Kosta L., Byrne A.R., Zelenko V.: Correlation Between selenium and mercury in man following exposure to inorganic mercury. Nature 245: 238-239 (1975)

48.      Food and Drug Administration. Consumer advisory: An important message for pregnant women and women of childbearing age who may become pregnant about the risks of mercury in fi sh. Washington: FDA, 2001. Available at: http://www,cfsan.fda,gov/~lrd/tphgfish.html. Accessed 2002 Aug 1.

49.      Mozaffarian D., Rimm E.B.: Fish intake, contaminants, and human health: evaluating the risks and the benefits. JAMA, 296: 1885-1899 (2006)

50.      AI-Shahrisliani H., Shihab K., AI-Haddad I.K.: Mercury in hair as an indicator of total body burden. In Supplement to Volume 53 OIW.H.O., Pp. 105-112, Geneva, 1976

51.      Hsu C-S., Li u P-L, Ch ien L-C, Chou S-Y, Han B-C. (2007) Mercury concentration and fish consumption in Taiwanese pregnant women. BJOG: An international Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 114: 1, 81-85 (2007)

52.      Rejane C. Marques R.C., Dorea J.D., Fonseca M.F., Bastos W.R., Malm O.: Hair mercury in breast-fed infants exposed to thimerosal-preserved vaccines. Eur. J. Paediatrics 166: 9, 935 (2007)

53.      Blood and hair mercury levels in young children and women of childbearing age-United States 1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2001; 50(8): 140-143

54.      Giovanoli-Jakubczak T., Greenwood M.R., Smith J.C.,- Clarkson T.W.: Determination of total and inorganic mercury in hair by flameless atomic absorption and of methylmercury by gas chromatography. Clin. Chem. 20: 222-229 (1974)

55.      Horvat M., Zvouaric A: Determination of mercury in biological samples. Proc. Environmental Contamination, CEP Consultants, Edinburgh, 138, 1986

56.      Armitage P., Berry G. (eds): Statistical, Methods in Medical Research. 2nd ed., Oxford Blackwell, 1987

57.      Oskarsson A., Lagerkvisl B.J., Ohlin B., Lundberg K.: Mercury levels in the hair of pregnant women in a polluted area in Sweden. Sci. Total Enviton. 151: 29-35 (1994)

58.      Airey D.: Total mercury concentration in human hair from 13 countries in relation to fish consumption and location. Sci. Total Environ. 31: 157-180 (1983)

59.      Buzina R., Stegnar P., Buzina-Suboticanec K., Horvat M., Petric I., Farley T.M.: Dietary mercury intake and human exposure in an Adriatic population. Sci. Total Environ. 170: 199-208 (1995)

60.      Barbosa A.C., Silva S.R., Dorea J.G.: Concentration of mercury in hair of indigenous mothers and infants from the Amazon basin. Arch. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 34(1): 100-1005 (1998)

61.      Oken E., Wright R.O., Kleinman K.P.,Belliger D., Amarasiriwardena C.J., Hu H., Rich-Edwards J.W., and Gillman M.W.: Maternal Fish Consumption, and Infant Cognition in a U.S. Cohort. Environmental Health Perspectives Vol. 113, Number 10, October 2005

62.      WHO: Recommendations for Epidemiological research on mercury. WHO/EHE/94.16, 1994

Relative Papers

Online ISSN 1011-6575

Άρθρα Δημοσιευμένα σε αυτό το Περιοδικό Καταχωρούνται στα:

Articles published in this Journal are Indexed or Abstracted in: • Chemical Abstracts • Elsevier’s Bibliographic Databases: Scopus, EMBASE, EMBiology, Elsevier BIOBASE SCImago Journal and Country Rank Factor

Τι είναι η Επιθεώρηση Κλινικής Φαρμακολογίας και Φαρμακοκινητικής-Διεθνής Έκδοση-Οδηγίες προς τους Συγγραφείς – 
What is Epitheorese Klinikes Farmakologias 
και Farmakokinetikes-International Edition-Instrunctions to Authors

Άρθρα Δημοσιευμένα στην Επιθεώρηση Κλινικής Φαρμακολογίας και Φαρμακοκινητικής-Διεθνής Έκδοση – 
Articles Published in Epitheorese Klinikes Farmakologias και Farmakokinetikes-International Edition

Συντακτικη Επιτροπή-Editorial Board

ΕΤΗΣΙΑ ΣΥΝΔΡΟΜΗ 2008 – ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION 2008
Γλώσσα Πλήρους Κειμένου – Full Text Language Αγγλικά – English
Παραγγελία – Αγορά – Order – Buy Ηλεκτρονική Μορφή: pdf (70 €) – Digital Type: pdf (70 €)

pharmakonpress[at]pharmakonpress[.]gr

Έντυπη Μορφή (70 € + έξοδα αποστολής) – Printed Type (70 € + shipping)

pharmakonpress[at]pharmakonpress[.]gr

 

 

 

Bookmark the permalink.

Comments are closed.