{"id":3255,"date":"2014-11-26T16:06:54","date_gmt":"2014-11-26T14:06:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/pharmakonpress.gr\/?p=3255"},"modified":"2023-12-17T21:05:26","modified_gmt":"2023-12-17T19:05:26","slug":"%cf%84%cf%8c%ce%bc%ce%bf%cf%82-19-2005-%cf%84%ce%b5%cf%8d%cf%87%ce%bf%cf%82-1-%ce%ac%cf%81%ce%b8%cf%81%ce%bf-7-%ce%b5%cf%80%ce%b9%ce%b8%ce%b5%cf%8e%cf%81%ce%b7%cf%83%ce%b7-%ce%ba%ce%bb%ce%b9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pharmakonpress.gr\/?p=3255&lang=en","title":{"rendered":"\u03a4\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 19 (2005) &#8211; \u03a4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 1 &#8211; \u0386\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf 7 &#8211; \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u039a\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03a6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03a6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2-\u0394\u03b9\u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u0388\u03ba\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 &#8211; Volume 19 (2005) &#8211; Issue 1 &#8211; Article 7 &#8211; Epitheorese Klinikes Farmakologias \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 Farmakokinetikes-International Edition"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table width=\"639\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"159\"><strong>Title<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"413\"><strong>Effect of nicotinamide on C-peptide levels in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"70\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Authors<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"413\"><strong>Maria Gourni\u00b9, Zoi Roupa\u00b2, Christine Marvaki\u00b9, Alexander Ardavanis\u00b3, Penelope Sotiropoulou<\/strong><strong>\u2074<\/strong><strong>, Panayota Gourni<\/strong><strong>\u2075<\/strong><strong> and Christos Bartsokas<sup>6<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nursing Department, Educational Technological Institute of Athens, Athens, Greece<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Educational Technological Institute of Larissa, Greece<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Anticancer Institute Agios Savas, Athens, Greece<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Department of Social Services, Bank of Greece, Athens, Greece<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pamakaristos Hospital, Athens, Greece<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nursing Department, University of Athens, Athens, Greece<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"70\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Citation<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"413\"><strong>Gourni, M., Roupa, Z., Marvaki, C., Ardavanis, A., Sotiropoulou, P. et al.: Effect of nicotinamide on C-peptide levels in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, Epitheorese Klin. <\/strong><strong>Farmakol. Farmakokinet. 19(1): 37-42 (2005)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"70\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Publication Date<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"413\"><strong>Received for publication: 15 January 2005<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0Accepted for publication: 8 February 2005<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"70\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"159\"><strong>Full Text Language<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"413\"><strong>English<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"70\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Order &#8211; Buy\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"413\">\u0397\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u039c\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae: pdf\u00a0<strong>(10 \u20ac)<\/strong>\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0<strong>Digital Type: pdf (10 \u20ac)\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>pharmakonpress[at]pharmakonpress[.]gr<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"70\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Keywords<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"413\"><strong>Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, Nicotinamide, C-peptide.<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"70\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Other Terms<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"413\"><strong>review article<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"70\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"413\"><strong>The aim of this study is to assess the effect of nicotinamide to c-peptide levels in children during the first six weeks of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Thirty-eight children and adolescents, with recent diagnosis (\u2264 6 weeks) of IDDM were studied. Patients were randomized in two groups. In Group A patients received insulin and placebo, while in group B insulin and nicotinamide. Serum c-peptide levels were measured at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. The total dose of insulin administered the day preceding each sampling was recorded. Results: there was a significant difference between the various average values of c-peptide levels during the second trimester with p=0.01 for group A and p=0.02 for group B. No statistically significant difference was found between the two groups. Similar findings were observed for insulin-dose. Toxicity was negligible and similar in both groups. In conclusion, the treatment of newly diagnosed IDDM with NA does not significantly affect c- peptide levels for a period of time exceeding 6 months. However, this small-size pilot study should be confirmed by a large randomized study with different design involving NA treatment before clinical IDDM.<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"70\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>References<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"413\">1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Diabetes Epidemiology Research International Mortality Study Group. Major cross-country differences in risk of dying for people with IDDM. <em>Diabetes Care 14:<\/em> 49-54 (1991)<\/p>\n<p>2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Green A., Geal E.A.M., Patterson C.C.: Incidence of childhood-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: the EURODIAB ACE study. <em>Lancet 339:<\/em> 905-909 (1992)<\/p>\n<p>3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Maclaren N., Atkinson M.: Is insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus environmentally induced? <em>N. Engl. J. Med. 327:<\/em> 348-349 (1992)<\/p>\n<p>4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kostraba J.N.: What can epidemiology tell us about the role of infant diet In the etiology of IDDM? <em>Diabetes Care 17:<\/em> 87-91 (1994)<\/p>\n<p>5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tuomilehto J., Rewers M., Reunanen A., et al.: increasing trend in type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in childhood in Finland. <em>Diabetologia 34:<\/em> 282-287 (1991)<\/p>\n<p>6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Drykoningen C.E., Mulder A.L, Vaandrager G.L., La Porte R.E., Bruining G.L.: The incidence of male childhood type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus is rising rapidly in the Netherlands. <em>Diabetologia 35:<\/em> 139-142 (1992)<\/p>\n<p>7.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Barnett A.H., Eff C., Leslie R.D.G., Pyke D.A.: Diabetes in identical twins: a study of 200 pairs. <em>Diabetologia 20:<\/em> 87- 93 (1981)<\/p>\n<p>8.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 La Porte R.E., Cruickshanks K.J.: Incidence and risk factors for insulin-dependent diabetes. In: National Diabetes Data Group. Diabetes in America: diabetes data compiled 1984. Bethesda, Md: Department of Health and Human Services, 1985: III-1-III-12. (NIH publication no.85 &#8211; 1468)<\/p>\n<p>9.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Amiel S.A., Caprio S., Sherwin R.S., Plewe G., Haymond M.W., Tamborlane W.V.: Insulin resistance of puberty: a defect restricted to peripheral glucose metabolism. <em>J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 72:<\/em> 277-282 (1991)<\/p>\n<p>10.\u00a0 World Health Organization, Department of Non-Communicable Disease Surveillance. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Report of a WHO consultation. Part 1: Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Geneva: WHO, 1999<\/p>\n<p>11.\u00a0 The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. <em>Diabetes Care 20:<\/em> 1183-1197 (1997)<\/p>\n<p>12.\u00a0 Eisenbarth G.S.: Type l diabetes mellitus: a chronic auto-immune disease. <em>N. Engl. J. Med. 314:<\/em> 1360-1368 (1989)<\/p>\n<p>13.\u00a0 Mandrup-Poulsen T., Nerup J.: The auto-immune hypothesis of insulin-dependent diabetes: 1965 to the present. In: Auto-immunity and the Pathogenesis of Diabetes (Ginsberg-Fellner F., McEvoy R.C., eds). Pp. 1-28, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1990<\/p>\n<p>14.\u00a0 Rossini A.A., Greiner D.L., Friedman H.P., Mordes J.P.: Immunopathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. <em>Diabetes Rev. 1:<\/em> 43-75 (1993)<\/p>\n<p>15.\u00a0 Lo S.S.S., Tun R.Y.M., Leslie R.D.G.: Non-genetic factors causing type I diabetes. <em>Diabetic Med. 8: <\/em>609-618 (1991)<\/p>\n<p>16.\u00a0 Nerup J.: Etiology and pathogenesis of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: present views and future developments. In: Etiology and Pathogenesis of Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus (Martin J.M., Ehrlich R.M., Holland F.J., eds). Pp. 275-288, Raven Press, New York, 1981<\/p>\n<p>17.\u00a0 Nerup J., Mandrup-Poulsen T., Hokfelt B.: Genes and gene products in the development of diabetes mellitus. Basic and clinical aspects. Experta Medica, International Congress Series 866, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1989<\/p>\n<p>18.\u00a0 Mandrup-Poulsen T., Helqvist S., Wogensen L.D., Pociot F., Johannesen J., Nerup J.: Cytocines and free radicals as effector molecules in the destruction of the pancreatic b-cells. Human Diabetes. II. Environmental and Auto-immune Etiology of b-Cell Destruction, Current topics in Microbiology and Immunology (Baekkeskov S., Hansen B., eds). Pp. 163-193, Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, 1990<\/p>\n<p>19.\u00a0 Cepts W.: Pathology and anatomy of the pancreas in juvenile diabetes mellitus. <em>Diabetes 14:<\/em> 619-633 (1965)<\/p>\n<p>20.\u00a0 Lipes M.A., Rosenzweig A., Tan K.N., Tanigawa G., Ladd D., Seidman J.G., Eisenbarth G.S.: Progression to diabetes in nonodese diabetic (NOD) mice with transgenic T cell receptors. <em>Science 259:<\/em> 1165-1169 (1993)<\/p>\n<p>21.\u00a0 Hutchings P., Rosen H., O&#8217;Reilly L., Simpson E., Gordon S., Cooke A.; Transfer of diabetes in mice prevented by blockade of adhesion-promoting receptor on macrophages. <em>Nature 348: <\/em>639-642 (1990)<\/p>\n<p>22.\u00a0 Bradley B.J., Haskins K., Rosa F.G.L., Lafferty K.: CD 8+ T cells are not required for islet destruction induced by a CD 4+ cell clone. <em>Diabetes 37:<\/em> 1311-1315 (1988)<\/p>\n<p>23.\u00a0 Maclaren N., Riley W., Skordis N.: Inherited susceptibility to insulin dependent diabetes is associated with HLA-DR I, while DR5 is protective. <em>Auto-immunity 1:<\/em> 197-205 (1988)<\/p>\n<p>24.\u00a0 Fauslman D., Li H.Y.: Linkage of faulty major histocompatibility complex class I to auto-immune diabetes. <em>Science 254:<\/em> 1756-61 (1991)<\/p>\n<p>25.\u00a0 Davies J.L., Kawaguchi Y., Bennett S.T.: A genome-wide search for human type I diabetes susceptibility genes. <em>Nature 371:<\/em> 130-136 (1994)<\/p>\n<p>26.\u00a0 Dalton T.A., Bennen J.C.: Autoimmune disease, and the major histocompatibility complex: therapeutic implications. <em>Am. J. Med 92:<\/em> 183-188 (1992)<\/p>\n<p>27. Todd J.A., Bain S.C.: A practical approach to identification of susceptibility genes for IDDM. <em>Diabetes 41:<\/em> 1029- 1034(1992)<\/p>\n<p>28.\u00a0Todd J.A.: Genetic control of auto-immunity in type I diabetes. <em>Immunol. Today 11:<\/em> 122-129 (1990)<\/p>\n<p>29.\u00a0 Sheehy M.J.: HLA and insulin-dependent diabetes: a protective perspective. <em>Diabetes 41:<\/em> 123-129 (1992)<\/p>\n<p>30.\u00a0 Raffel U., Vadheim C.M., Klein R.: HLA-DR and the 5&#8242; insulin gene polymorphism in insulin-dependent diabetes. Metabolism 40: 1244-1248 (1991)<\/p>\n<p>31.\u00a0 Luocasen A.M., Julier C., Beressi J.-P.: Susceptibility to insulin dependent diabetes melitus maps to a 4.1 kb segment of DNA spanning the insulin gene and associated VNTR. <em>Nat. Genet 4:<\/em> 305-319 (1993)<\/p>\n<p>32.\u00a0 Caillat-Zucman S., Berlin E., Timsit J., Boitard C., Assan R., Bach J.-F.: Protection from insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is linked to a peptide transporter gene. <em>Eur. J. Immunol. 23:<\/em> 1784-1788 (1993)<\/p>\n<p>33.\u00a0 Bingley P.J., Bonifacio E., Gale E.A.M.: Can we really predict IDDM? <em>Diabetes 42:<\/em> 213-220 (1993)<\/p>\n<p>34.\u00a0 Goodman L.S., Gilman A.: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. Macmillan. Pp. 1554-1556, New York, 1975<\/p>\n<p>35.\u00a0 Welsh N., Eizirik D.L., Bendtzen K., Sandler S.: Interleukin-1B-induced nitric oxide production in isolated rat pancreatic islets requires gene transcription and may lead to inhibition of the Krebs cycle enzyme aconitase. <em>Endocrinology 129:<\/em> 3167-3173 (1991)<\/p>\n<p>36.\u00a0 Corbett J.A., Tilton R.G., Chang K., Hasan K.S., Ido Y., Wang J.L., Sweetland M.A., Lancaster J.R.,Jr, Williamson J.R., McDaniel M.L.: Aminoguanidine, a novel inhibitor of nitric oxide formation, prevents diabetic vascular dysfunction. <em>Diabetes 41:<\/em> 552-566 (1992)<\/p>\n<p>37.\u00a0 Corbett J.A., McDaniel M.L.: Does nitric oxide mediate auto-immune destruction of a-cells? Possible therapeutic interventions in IDDM. <em>Diabetes 41:<\/em> 897-903 (1992)<\/p>\n<p>38.\u00a0 Pickup G, Williams G. Textbook of Diabetes. Oxford. England: Blackwell Scientific, 1991.<\/p>\n<p>39.\u00a0 Foulis A.K., Liddle C.N., Farquharson M.A., Richmond J.A., Weir R.S.: The histopathology of the pancreas in type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: a 25 year review of deaths in patients under 20 years of age in the United Kingdom. <em>Diabetelogia 29:<\/em> 267-274 (1986)<\/p>\n<p>40.\u00a0 Rossini A.A., Like A.A., Chick W.L., Appel M.C., Cahill G.F.,Jr.: Studies of streptozotocin-induced insulitis and diabetes. <em>Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 74:<\/em> 2485-2489 (1977)<\/p>\n<p>41.\u00a0 Yamada K., Nonaka K., Hanafusa T., Miyazaki A., Toyoshima H., Tarui S.: Preventive and therapeutic effects of large-dose nicotinamide injections on diabetes associated with insulitis. <em>Diabetes 31:<\/em> 749-753 (1982)<\/p>\n<p>42.\u00a0 Rossini A.A., Mordes J.P., Gallina D.L, Like A.A.: Hormonal and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of BB rat diabetes. <em>Metabolism 32 (Suppl 1):<\/em> 33-36 (1983)<\/p>\n<p>43.\u00a0 Mendola G., Casamitjana R., Comis R.: Effect of nicotinamide therapy upon B-cell function in newly diagnosed type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. <em>Diabetologia 32:<\/em> 160-162(1989)<\/p>\n<p>44.\u00a0 Elliott R.B., Chase H.P.: Prevention or delay of type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in children using nicotinamide. <em>Diabetologia 34:<\/em> 362-365 (1991)<\/p>\n<p>45.\u00a0 Bottazzo G.F., Dean B.M., McNally J.M., MacKay E.H., Swift P.G.F., Gamble D.R: In situ characterization of auto-immune phenomena and expression of HLA molecules in the pancreas in diabetic insulitis. <em>N. Engl. J. Med 313:<\/em> 353-360 (1985)<\/p>\n<p>46.\u00a0 Manna R., Migliore A., Martini L.S., Ponte E., Marietti G., Scuderi F., Cristiano G., Ghirlanda G., Gambassi G.: Nicotinamide treatment in subjects at high risk of developing IDDM improves insulin secretion. <em>Br. J. Clin. Pract. 46: <\/em>177-179 (1992)<\/p>\n<p>47.\u00a0 Dunn J.S., Sheehan H.L., McLetchie N.G.B.: Necrosis of islets of Langerhans produced experimentally. <em>Lancet 1:<\/em> 484 (1943)<\/p>\n<p>48.\u00a0 Rerup C.C.: Drugs producing diabetes through damage of the insulin secreting cells. <em>Pharmacol. Rev. 22:<\/em> 485-520 (1970)<\/p>\n<p>49.\u00a0 Dulin W.E., Soret M.G.: Chemically and hormonally induced diabetes. In: The Diabetic Pancreas (Volk B.W., Wellmann K.F., eds). Pp. 425-466, Balliere Tindall, London, 1977<\/p>\n<p>50.\u00a0 Mordes J.P., Rossini A.A.: Animal models of diabetes. <em>Am. J. Med. 70:<\/em> 353-360 (1981)<\/p>\n<p>51.\u00a0 Rayfield E.J., Ishimura K.: Environmental Factors and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. <em>Diabetes\/Metab. Rev 3:<\/em> 925-957(1987)<\/p>\n<p>52.\u00a0 Burkart V., Koike T., Brenner H.H., Kolb H.: Oxygen radicals generated by the enzyme xanthine oxidase lyse rat pancreatic islet cells in vitro. <em>Diabetologia 35:<\/em> 1028-1034 (1992)<\/p>\n<p>53.\u00a0 Dulin W.E., Wyse B.M.: Studies of the ability of compounds to block the diabetogenic activity of streptozotocin. <em>Diabetes 18:<\/em> 459-466 (1969)<\/p>\n<p>54.\u00a0 Korsgreen O., Andersson A., Sandler 5: Pretreatment of fetal porcine pancreas in culture with nicotinamide accelerates reversal of diabetes after transplantation to nude mice. <em>Surgery 113:<\/em> 205-214 (1993)<\/p>\n<p>55.\u00a0 Vague P., Vialettes B., Lassmann-Vague V., Vallo J.J.: Nicotinamide may extend remission phase in insulin-dependent diabetes. <em>Lancet 1:<\/em> 619-620 (1987)<\/p>\n<p>56.\u00a0 Vague P., Picq R., Lassmann-Vague V., Vialettes B.: Effect of nicotinamide treatment on the residual insulin secretion in type I (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. <em>Diabetologia 32:<\/em> 316-321 (1989)<\/p>\n<p>57.\u00a0 Herskowitz R.D., Jackson R.A., Soeldner J.S., Eisenbarth G.S: Pilot trial to prevent type I diabetes: progression to overt IDDM despite oral nicotinamide. <em>J. Autoimmun. 2:<\/em> 733-737(1989)<\/p>\n<p>58.\u00a0 Papaccio G., Ammendola E.: Nicotinamide decreases MHC class II but not MHC class I expression and increases intercellular adhesion molecule I structures in non-obese diabetic mouse pancreas. <em>J. Endocrinol. 160:<\/em> 389- 400(1999)<\/p>\n<p>59.\u00a0 Chakrabarti D., Huang X., Beck J., Henrich J., McFarland N., James R.F.L., Stewart T.A.: Control of islet intercellular adhesion molecule-I expression by interferon-a and hypoxia. <em>Diabetes 45:<\/em> 1336-1343 (1996)<\/p>\n<p>60.\u00a0 Eizirik D.L., Sandler S., Welsh N., Bendtzen K., Hellerstrom C.: Nicotinamide decreases nitric oxide production and partially protects human pancreatic islets against the suppressive effects of combination of cytokines. <em>Auto-immunity 19:<\/em> 193-198(1994)<\/p>\n<p>61.\u00a0 Nicotinamide in NOD mice &#8211; G PAPACCIO and others 399, Journal of Endocrinology (1999) 160, 389-400 Hanison LC, Campbell IL, Allison J &amp; Miller JFAP 1989 MHC molecules and A-cell destruction: immune and non-immune mechanisms. <em>Diabetes 38: <\/em>815-818, 1999<\/p>\n<p>62.\u00a0 Manetti R., Annunziato F., Tomasevic L., Gianno V., Parronchi P., Romagnani S., Maggi E.: Polyinosinic acid: polycytidylic acid promotes T helper type I-specific immune responses by stimulating macrophage production of interferon alpha and IL-12. <em>Eur. J. Immunol. 25:<\/em> 2656-2660 (1995)<\/p>\n<p>63.\u00a0 Nicoletti F., Zaccone P., Di Marco R., Magro G., Grasso S., Stivala F., Caroli G., Mghini L., Meroni P.L, Garotta G.: Paradoxical anti-diabetogenic effect on a-interferon in DP-BB rats. <em>Diabetes 47:<\/em> 32-38 (1998)<\/p>\n<p>64.\u00a0 Lewis C.M., Canafax D.M., Sprafka J.M., Barbosa J.J.: Double-blind randomized trial of nicotinamide on early-onset diabetes. <em>Diabetes Care 15:<\/em> 121-123 (1992)<\/p>\n<p>65.\u00a0 Vidal J., Fernande M., Sesmil G., Aguilera E.: Effects of Nicotinamide and Intravenous Insulin Therapy in Newly Diagnosed Type 1 Diabetes. <em>Diabetes Care 23:<\/em> 360-364 (2000)<\/p>\n<p>66.\u00a0 Schnell O., Eisfelder B., Standi E., Ziegler A.G.: High dose intravenous insulin infusion versus intensive insulin treatment in newly diagnosed IDDM. <em>Diabetes 46:<\/em> 1607- 1611 (1997)<\/p>\n<p>67.\u00a0 Visalli N., Cacalli M., Signore A., Baroni M.: A multi centered randomized trial of two different doses of nicotinamide in patients with recent onset Type 1 diabetes. <em>Diabetes 15:3<\/em> 181-185(1999<\/td>\n<td width=\"70\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Relative Papers<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"413\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"70\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Online ISSN 1011-6575<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0386\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1 \u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Chemical Abstracts<\/li>\n<li>Elsevier\u2019s Bibliographic Databases: Scopus,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/embase.periodicos.saude.gov.br\/journals?subaction=volumes&amp;issn=10116575&amp;title=Epitheorese+Klinikes+Farmakologias+kai+Farmakokinetikes&amp;id=425\">EMBASE<\/a>, EMBiology, Elsevier BIOBASE\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.scimagojr.com\/journalsearch.php?q=21292&amp;tip=sid&amp;clean=0\">SCImago Journal and Country Rank Factor<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Articles published in this Journal are Indexed or Abstracted in:<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>\u2022 Chemical Abstracts<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>\u2022 Elsevier\u2019s Bibliographic Databases: Scopus,\u00a0<\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/embase.periodicos.saude.gov.br\/journals?subaction=volumes&amp;issn=10116575&amp;title=Epitheorese+Klinikes+Farmakologias+kai+Farmakokinetikes&amp;id=425\"><strong>EMBASE<\/strong><\/a><strong>, EMBiology, Elsevier BIOBASE<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.scimagojr.com\/journalsearch.php?q=21292&amp;tip=sid&amp;clean=0\"><strong>SCImago Journal and Country Rank Factor<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/pharmakonpress.gr\/?page_id=581\">\u03a4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u039a\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03a6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03a6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2-\u0394\u03b9\u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u0388\u03ba\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7-\u039f\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03a3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 &#8211;\u00a0<strong><br \/>\nWhat is Epitheorese Klinikes Farmakologias\u00a0<\/strong><strong>\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9<\/strong><strong>\u00a0Farmakokinetikes-International Edition-Instrunctions to Authors<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/pharmakonpress.gr\/?page_id=598\">\u0386\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1 \u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u039a\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03a6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03a6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2-\u0394\u03b9\u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u0388\u03ba\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 &#8211;\u00a0<strong><br \/>\nArticles Published in Epitheorese Klinikes Farmakologias\u00a0\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u00a0Farmakokinetikes-International Edition<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/pharmakonpress.gr\/?page_id=590\">\u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7 \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae-<strong>Editorial Board<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<table width=\"639\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\u0395\u03a4\u0397\u03a3\u0399\u0391 \u03a3\u03a5\u039d\u0394\u03a1\u039f\u039c\u0397 2005\u2013\u00a0<strong>ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION\u00a02005<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"268\">\u0393\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 \u03a0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u039a\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u2013\u00a0<strong>Full Text Language<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"707\">\u0391\u03b3\u03b3\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac &#8211;<strong>\u00a0English<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\">\u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u2013 \u0391\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac &#8211;\u00a0<strong>Order \u2013 Buy<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u0397\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u039c\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae: pdf (70 \u20ac) &#8211;\u00a0<strong>Digital Type: pdf (70 \u20ac)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>pharmakonpress[at]pharmakonpress[.]gr<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0388\u03bd\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b7 \u039c\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae (70 \u20ac + \u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03b4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2) &#8211;\u00a0<strong>Printed Type (70 \u20ac + shipping)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>pharmakonpress[at]pharmakonpress[.]gr<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; Title Effect of nicotinamide on C-peptide levels in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus Authors Maria Gourni\u00b9, Zoi Roupa\u00b2, Christine Marvaki\u00b9, Alexander Ardavanis\u00b3, Penelope Sotiropoulou\u2074, Panayota Gourni\u2075 and Christos Bartsokas6 1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nursing Department, Educational Technological Institute of Athens, Athens, Greece 2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Educational Technological Institute of Larissa, Greece 3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Anticancer Institute Agios Savas, \u2026 <a class=\"continue-reading-link\" href=\"https:\/\/pharmakonpress.gr\/?p=3255&#038;lang=en\"> Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr; <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":81795,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11941,8645,11937,11943,11945,11947,8420,11949,11881],"tags":[],"post_folder":[8642],"class_list":["post-3255","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category---alexander-ardavanis-en","category--articles-en","category---zoe-roupa-en","category---maria-gourni-en","category---panayota-gourni-en","category---penelope-sotiropoulou-en","category-----full-text-in-english-en","category---christos-bartsokas-en","category---christine-marvaki-en"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pharmakonpress.gr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3255","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pharmakonpress.gr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pharmakonpress.gr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pharmakonpress.gr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/81795"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pharmakonpress.gr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3255"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/pharmakonpress.gr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3255\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8493,"href":"https:\/\/pharmakonpress.gr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3255\/revisions\/8493"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pharmakonpress.gr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3255"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pharmakonpress.gr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3255"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pharmakonpress.gr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3255"},{"taxonomy":"post_folder","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pharmakonpress.gr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fpost_folder&post=3255"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}