Τίτλος – Title
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Πρώιμη Διάγνωση της Νόσου του Alzheimer Νευροψυχολογικές Δοκιμασίες
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Συγγραφέας – Author
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Αλεξάνδρα Οικονόμου Τμήμα Ψυχολογίας, Πάντειον Πανεπιστήμιο, Αθήνα, Ελλάς Alexandra Economou Department of Psychology, Panteion University, Athens, Greece |
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Παραπομπή – Citation
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Οικονόμου,Α. : Πρώιμη Διάγνωση της Νόσου του Alzheimer Νευροψυχολογικές Δοκιμασίες, Επιθεώρηση Κλιν. Φαρμακολ. Φαρμακοκινητ. 18 : 121-136 (2000) Economou,A. : Early Detection of Alzheimer’s Disease: Neuropsychological Evaluation, Epitheorese Klin. Farmakol. Farmakokinet. 18: 121-136 (2000) |
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Ημερομηνία Δημοσιευσης – Publication Date
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5-09-2000 – 2000-09-5
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Γλώσσα Πλήρους Κειμένου –
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Ελληνικά – Greek |
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Λέξεις κλειδιά – Keywords
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Άνοια, νόσος του Alzheimer, πρώιμη διάγνωση, νευροψυχολογικές δοκιμασίες, ήπια νοητική έκπτωση, έκπτωση μνήμης λόγω ηλικίας, νοητική έκπτωση λόγω ηλικίας, πρόδρομα συμπτώματα της άνοιας, λειτουργίες προσοχής, εκτελεστικές λειτουργίες, λειτουργίες μνήμης και μάθησης, μνήμη επεισοδίων, λεκτική και μη λεκτική μνήμη, οπτική αντίληψη, πρακτική νοημοσύνη, επικοινωνία, ονομασία, ευχέρεια λόγου, συντονισμός κινήσεων, μορφωτικό επίπεδο και εμφάνιση άνοιας, όσφρηση, αναγνώριση και ανάκληση οσμών, όραση, οφθαλμικές ψευδαισθήσεις (Charles Bonnet Syndrome), αυτοεκτίμηση μνήμης, κατάθλιψη και έναρξη άνοιας, μετωποκροταφική άνοια, καθημερινές δραστηριότητες, μεθοδολογικοί παράγοντες στην εκτίμηση της έναρξης της νόσου του Alzheimer, νευροϊνιδιακές αλλοιώσεις στον ενδορινικό φλοιό, τον ιππόκαμπο, τον κροταφικό λοβό και διαφορετικές εγκεφαλικές περιοχές, ατροφία του ιππόκαμπου, ποσοτική μαγνητική απεικόνιση (MRI) Dementia Alzheimer’s disease, early detection, neuropsychological assessment, mild cognitive impairment, age-associated memory impairment, age-related cognitive decline, prodromal symptoms of dementia, attentional functions, executive functions, memory and learning, episodic memory, verbal and non verbal memory, visual perception, performance IQ, communication, naming, word fluency, motor coordination, educational level and onset of dementia, olfactory function, odor recognition and recall, vision, visual hallucinations (Charles Bonnet Syndrome), self rating of memory functions, depression and onset of dementia, fronto-temporal dementia, instrumental activities of daily living, methodological factors in detecting pre-clinical Alzheimer’s disease, neurofibrillary degeneration in the endorhinal cortex, hippocampus, temporal lobe, and different brain areas, hippocampal atrophy, volumetric MRI
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Λοιποί Όροι – Other Terms
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Άρθρο Article |
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Περίληψη – Summary
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Της νόσου του Alzheimer προηγείται προκλινικό στάδιο, το οποίο παρατηρείται τουλάχιστον 5 χρόνια πριν την κλινική διάγνωση της άνοιας. Το προκλινικό αυτό στάδιο χαρακτηρίζεται από ήπια έκπτωση μνήμης, καθώς και άλλων μη μνημονικών νοητικών λειτουργιών. Άτομα με Ήπια Νοητική Έκπτωση (ΗΝΕ) διατρέχουν μεγάλο κίνδυνο να αναπτύξουν τη νόσο του Alzheimer, διότι ένα μεγάλο ποσοστό από αυτά τα άτομα υπολογίζεται ότι ευρίσκεται σε προκλινικό στάδιο της άνοιας. Οι κατάλληλες νευροψυχολογικές δοκιμασίες δύνανται να εντοπίσουν με υψηλό ποσοστό ακρίβειας και εξειδίκευσης τα άτομα με ΗΝΕ που θα αναπτύξουν άνοια μέσα στα επόμενα 1-5 χρόνια. Η έγκαιρη εντόπιση αυτών των ατόμων είναι πολύ σημαντική, διότι φαρμακευτικές προσεγγίσεις που στοχεύουν στην καθυστέρηση ή στην παρεμπόδιση του νευρωνικού θανάτου θα ήσαν, θεωρητικά, αποτελεσματικότερες, αν εφαρμόζονταν στα πρώτα στάδια της νόσου. Το παρόν άρθρο εστιάζεται στις νευροψυχολογικές δοκιμασίες που παρέχουν τη μεγαλύτερη δυνατότητα πρώιμης διάγνωσης της νόσου του Alzheimer. Δοκιμασίες μνήμης και σύνθετες δοκιμασίες προσοχής αποτελούν τις πλέον ευαίσθητες δοκιμασίες έναρξης της άνοιας, αλλά και άλλες ολιγότερο διαδεδομένες δοκιμασίες δίδουν επίσης ακριβή αποτελέσματα. Μεθοδολογικοί παράγοντες που αυξάνουν τη δυνατότητα της πρώιμης διάγνωσης των δοκιμασιών είναι η αξιοπιστία των δοκιμασιών, ο βαθμός διακύμανσης που παρουσιάζουν, η χρήση εξατομικευμένων επιπέδων βαθμολογίας ή πολλαπλών επιπέδων βαθμολογίας βάσει των οποίων εκτιμάται το ποσοστό κινδύνου του ατόμου να αναπτύξει τη νόσο του Alzheimer, η ετήσια εκτίμηση των ατόμων με ΗΝΕ, η συμπερίληψη συναισθηματικών λειτουργιών και αυτογνωσίας σε αυτή την εκτίμηση και η προσθήκη της ποσοτικής μαγνητικής απεικόνισης. Alzheimer’s disease is preceded by a pre-clinical phase, which can be observed at least 5 years before the clinical diagnosis of dementia. This pre-clinical phase is characterized by mild memory impairment as well mild impairment of other, non-memory functions. Individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) run a high risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease because a great percentage of these individuals is estimated to be in a pre-clinical stage of dementia. The appropriate neuropsychological tests can detect those individuals with MCI who will go on to develop dementia in the next 1-5 years with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity. The early detection of such individuals is very important because pharmacological interventions aiming at delaying or preventing neuronal death would theoretically have a greater impact in the early stages of the disease. The present article focuses on the neuropsychological tests which provide the greatest promise for the early detection of Alzheimer’s disease. Tests of memory and complex attentional functions are among the most sensitive measures of the early stages of dementia, however, other less utilized measures are also very sensitive. Methodological factors which increase the diagnostic accuracy of the instruments for detecting dementia in the early stages are the reliability and range of the instruments; the use of individualized or multiple cutoff scores; the yearly assessment of individuals with MCI; the incorporation of mood and self rating scales of memory impairment; and the inclusion of volumetric MRI. |
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