Τόμος 24 (2006) – Τεύχος 3 – Άρθρο 2 – Επιθεώρηση Κλινικής Φαρμακολογίας και Φαρμακοκινητικής-Ελληνική Έκδοση – Volume 24 (2006) – Issue 3 – Article 2 – Epitheorese Klinikes Farmakologias και Farmakokinetikes-Greek Edition

Τίτλος – Title
Γονιδιακό Doping
Gene Doping
Συγγραφέας – Author

Ματθαίος Διδάγγελος, Σοφία Λέββα και Λιάνα Φιδάνη

Εργαστήριο Γενικής Βιολογίας και Γενετικής, Ιατρική Σχολή, Αριστοτέλειο Πανεπιστήμιο, Θεσσαλονίκη, Ελλάς

M. Didangelos, S. Levva and L. Fidani

Laboratory of General Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University, Thes­saloniki GR-54124, Hellas

Παραπομπή – Citation
Διδάγγελος,Μ., Λέββα,Σ., Φιδάνη,Λ. : Γονιδιακό Doping, Επιθεώρηση Κλιν. Φαρμακολ. Φαρμακοκινητ. 24: 149-157 (2006)
Didangelos,M.,Levva,S., Fidani,L. : Gene Doping, Epitheorese Klin. Farmakol. Farmakokinet. 24: 149-157 (2006)
Ημερομηνία Δημοσιευσης – Publication Date
20 Δεκεμβρίου 2006 – 2006-12-20
Γλώσσα Πλήρους Κειμένου –
Full Text Language

Ελληνικά – Greek

Παραγγελία – Αγορά –
Order – Buy
Ηλεκτρονική Μορφή: pdf (15 €)
Digital Type: pdf (15 €)
pharmakonpress[at]pharmakonpress[.]gr
Λέξεις κλειδιά – Keywords
Γονιδιακό doping, γονίδια, αθλητισμός
Gene doping, genes, sports
Λοιποί Όροι – Other Terms

Άρθρο

Article

Περίληψη – Summary

H έννοια του doping, της φαρμακοδιέγερσης σύμφωνα με τον ελληνικό όρο, είναι άρρηκτα συνδεδεμένη με τη χρήση φαρμακευτικών ουσιών προς ενίσχυση της αθλητικής απόδοσης. Η ραγδαία εξέλιξη της γενετικής, όμως, δημιούργησε ευνοϊκές συνθήκες για την εμφάνιση μιας νέας μορφής doping, του γονιδιακού doping. Ως γονιδιακό ή κυτταρικό doping ορίζεται η μη θεραπευτική χρήση γονιδίων, γενετικών στοιχείων ή/και κυττάρων τα οποία έχουν την ικανότητα να ενισχύσουν την απόδοση των αθλητών.

Ήδη έχουν αναπτυχθεί καινούριες τεχνικές και μέθοδοι για την εισαγωγή και τροποποίηση γονιδίων στον ανθρώπινο οργανισμό, ενώ μελετώνται πολλά γονίδια που έχουν σχέση με την αθλητική απόδοση. Οι τεχνικές αυτές παραμένουν ακόμη σε πειραματικό στάδιο, ωστόσο δεν αποκλείεται πρόωρη χρήση τους. Όλες σχεδόν εμφανίζουν, έστω και μακροπρόθεσμα, βλαπτικές επιδράσεις στα πειραματόζωα και στον άνθρωπο. Είναι δύσκολο να εκτιμηθεί επακριβώς ο αριθμός των ετών που θα χρειαστεί για να εισέλθει αυτή η μέθοδος στην αθλητική αρένα. Επαφίεται στη συνείδηση των επιστημόνων, στο ήθος των αθλητών και στους αρμόδιους φορείς να διατηρήσουν τον αθλητισμό καθαρό από τέτοιου είδους ενέργειες. Για να παραμείνει το χειροκρότημα επιβράβευση του αθλητή και όχι του γενετιστή του…
 

The word doping has always been asso­ciated with the use of pharmaceutical substances for enhancing the athletic performance. However, the evolution of genetics has provided favourable condi­tions for the emergence of a new form of doping, the gene doping. Gene doping is defined as the non-therapeutic use of genes, genetic elements and/or cells that have the capacity to enhance athletic per­formance. New techniques and methods have been developed for the insertion and modification of genes in the human body while many genes that may influ­ence the athletic performance are being studied. These techniques remain still at an experimental level but premature use could not be excluded. All of them cause harmful side effects, especially in long-term view, both in animals and in humans. It is difficult to estimate the approximate time this new method comes into the athletic arena. It is on the scientists’ conscious, athletes’ morals and appropriate institutions to retain sports clean of such undesirable activities, in order to remain the clap as a reward of the athlete and not of his geneticist.

Αναφορές – References
1. Lippi G., Guidi G.: Doping and sports. Minerva Med. 90: 345–357 (1999).

2. Juengst T.E.: What’s next for human gene therapy? BMJ 326: 1410-1411 (2003)

3. Longman J.: Pushing the Limits: Getting the Athletic Edge May Mean Altering Genes. The New York Times; Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/11/sports/11GENE.html (2001)

4. WADA (The World Anti-Dopind Agency): Gene Doping. Play True, Issue 1: 2-6 (2005)

5. WADA: The prohibited list 2005, WADA publications, September 2004

6. WADA: The prohibited list 2006, WADA publications, September 2005

7. WADA: http://www.wada-ama.org

8. DiCecco J.: Gene Doping: Creating the Super-athlete. Biomed. Semin. I (25/02/02)

9. Haisma H.J. Prof. Dr., O. de Hon, P. Sollie and J. Vor­stenbosch: Gene Doping. Topical Publications by the Netherlands Centre for Doping affairs (NeCeDo), February 2004

10. Williams D.A., Nienhuis A.W., Hawley R.G., Smith F.O,: Gene therapy 2000. Hematology (Am. Soc. Hematol. Educ.): 376–393 (2000)

11. Andersen J.L., Schjerling P., and Saltin B.: Muscle, Genes and Athletic Performance. Scientific American 283(3): 48-55 (2000)

12. Barton Davis R.E., Shoturma I.D., Musaro A., Rosen­thal N., Sweeney H.L.: Viral mediated expression of insu­lin-like growth factor I blocks the aging-related loss of skeletal muscle function. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 15603-15607 (1998)

13. Huard J., Li Y., Peng H.R., Fu F.H.: Gene therapy and tissue engineering for sports medicine. J. Gene Med. 5: 93-108 (2003)

14. MartinekV.,FuF.H., HuardJ.: Gene therapy and tissue engineering in sports Medicine. Phys. Sports Med. 28 No.2: (2000)

15. Chikuni K., Nakajima I., Mika OE., Muroya S.: Perox­isome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1 alpha) expression and the formation of slow-twitch muscle fibers in porcine and bovine skeletal mus­cles. Animal Sci. J. 76: 375 (2005)

16. Lindpaintner K.: Pharmacogenetics and pharmacoge­nomics in drug discovery and development: an overview. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 41: 398-410 (2003).

17. Montgomery H., Clarkson P., et al.: Angiotension-con­verting-enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and response to physical training. Lancet 353: 541-545 (1999)

18. Montgomery H., Marshall R., et al.: Human Gene for Physical Performance. Nature 393: 221-222 (1998)

19. Rankinen T., Perusse L., Rauramaa R., Rivera M.A., Wolfarth B., Bouchard C.: The human gene map for per­formance and health-related fitness phenotypes. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc 33: 855-867 (2001)

20. Rankinen T., Perusse L., Rauramaa R., Rivera M.A., Wolfarth B., Bouchard C.: The human gene map for per­formance and health-related fitness phenotypes: the 2001 update. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 34:1219-1233 (2002)

21. Rankinen T., Perusse L., Rauramaa R., Rivera M.A., Wolfarth B., Bouchard C.: The human gene map for per­formance and health-related fitness phenotypes: the 2002 update. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 35: 1248-1264 (2003)

22. Rankinen T., Perusse L., Rauramaa R., Rivera M.A., Wolfarth B., Bouchard C.: The human gene map for per­formance and health-related fitness phenotypes: the 2003 update. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 36: 1451-1469 (2004)

23. Verma I.M.: Doping, Gene Transfer and Sport (Edito­rial). Mol. Ther. 10: 405 (2004)

24. Russell G., Gore C.J., Ashenden M.J., Parisotto R., Hahn A.G.: Effects of prolonged low doses of recombinant human erythropoietin during submaximal and maximal exercise. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 86: 442-449 (2002)

25. Souillard A., Audran M., Bressolle F., Gareau R., Du­vallet A., Chanal J.L.: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacody­namics of recombinant human erythropoietin in athletes. Blood sampling and doping control. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 42: 355-360 (1996)

26. Varlet-Marie E., Audran M., Lejeune M., Bonafoux B. et al.: Analysis of human reticulocyte genes reveals altered erythropoiesis: potential use to detect recombinant human erythropoietin doping. Haematologica 89: 991-997 (2004)

27. Audran M., Gareau R., Matecki S., Durand F., Chenard C., Sicart M.T., et al.: Effects of erythropoietin administra­tion in training athletes and possible indirect detection in doping control. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 31: 639-645 (1999)

28. Birkeland K., Stray-Gundersen J., Hemmersbach P., et al.: Effect of rhEPO administration on serum levels of sTfR and cycling performance. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 32: 1238-1243 (2000)

29. Diamanti-Kandarakis E., Konstantinopoulos P.A., Pa­pailiou J., Kandarakis S.A., Andreopoulos A., Sykiotis G.P.: Erythropoietin abuse and erythropoietin gene doping: detection strategies in the genomic era. Sports Med. 35: 831-840 (2005)

30. Lasne F.: Double-blotting: a solution to the problem of non-specific binding of secondary antibodies in im­munoblotting procedures. J. Immunol. Meth. 253: 125-131 (2001)

31. Magnani M., Corsi D., Bianchi M., Paiardini M., Gal­luzzi L., Gargiullo E., et al.: Identification of blood erythroid markers useful in revealing erythropoietin abuse in Ath­letes. Blood Cells Mol. Dis. 27: 559-571 (2001)

32. Davidson College Biology Department: http://www.bio.davidson.edu

33. Gao G., Lebherz C., Weiner D.J., Grant R., Calcedo R., Bagg A., Zhang Y., Wilson J.M.: Erythropoietin gene therapy leads to autoimmune anemia in macaques. Blood 103: 3300-3302 (2004)

34. Zhou S., Murphy JE., Escobedo JA., Dwark VJ.: Adeno-associated virus mediated delivery of erythropoiet­inleads to sustained elevation of hematocrit in nonhuman primates. Gene Ther. 5: 665-670 (1998)

35. McCrory P.: Super athletes or gene cheats? Br. J. Sports Med. 37: 192–193 (2003)

36. Lee S.H.: Gene Doping. Scientific American 291(1): 62-69 (2004)

37. Lee S., et al.: Viral expression of insulin-like growth factor-I enhances muscle hypertrophy in resistance-trained rats. J. Appl. Physiol. 96: 1097–1104 (2004)

38. Lee S.J., McPherron A.C.: Regulation of myostatin activity and muscle growth. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 9306-9311 (2001)

39. Lin C.R., Yang L.C., Lee T.H., Lee C.T., Huang H.T., Sun W.Z., Cheng J.T.: Electroporation-mediated pain-killer gene therapy for mononeuropathic rats. Gene Ther. 9: 1247-1253 (2002)

40. Smith O.: Biomedicine – Pain-killer genes. Science 284: 1634 (1999)

41. Losordo D.W., Vale P.R., Hendel R.C., Milliken C.E., Fortuin F.D., Cummings N., et al.: Phase 1/2 placebo-controlled, double-blind, dose-escalating trial of myocardial vascular endothelial growth factor 2 gene transfer by catheter delivery in patients with chronic myocardial ischemia. Circulation 105: 2012-2018 (2002)

42. Losordo D.W., Vale P.R., Symes J.F., Dunnington C.H., Esakof D.D., Maysky M., et al.: Gene therapy for myocardial angiogenesis – Initial clinical results with direct myocardial injection of phvEGF(165) as sole therapy for myocardial ischemia. Circulation 98: 2800-2804 (1998)

43. Baumgartner I., Pieczek A., Manor O., Blair R., Kear­ney M., Walsh K., et al.: Constitutive expression of phVEGF(165) after intramuscular gene transfer promotes collateral vessel development in patients with critical limb ischemia. Circulation 97: 1114-1123 (1998)

44. Rajagopalan S., Mohler E.R.,III, Lederman R.J., Men­delsohn F.O., Saucedo J.F., Goldman C.K., et al.: Re­gional angiogenesis with vascular endothelial growth factor in peripheral arterial disease: a phase II randomized, dou­ble-blind, controlled study of adenoviral delivery of vascu­lar endothelial growth factor 121 in patients with disabling intermittent claudication. Circulation 108: 1933-1938 (2003)

45. Wang Y.X., Zhang C.L., Yu R.T., Cho H.K., Nelson M.C., Bayuga-Ocampo C.R., et al.: Regulation of muscle fiber type and running endurance by PPARd. PLoS Biol­ogy 2(Issue 10) e294: 1532-1539 (2004)

46. Bidlingmaier M., Wu Z., Strasburger CJ.: Doping with growth hormone. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. 14:1077-1083 (2001)

47. Griscelli F., Opolon P., Saulnier P., Mami-Chouaib F., Gautier E., Echchakir H., et al.: Recombinant adenovirus shedding after intratumoral gene transfer in lung cancer patients. Gene Ther. 10: 386-395 (2003)

48. Hacein-Bey-Abina S., von Kalle C., Schmidt M., Le Deist F., Wulffraat N., McIntyre E., et al.: A serious ad­verse event after successful gene therapy for X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency. N. Engl. J. Med. 348: 255-256 (2003)

49. Raper S.E., Chirmule N., Lee F.S., Wivel N.A., Bagg A., Gao G.P., et al.: Fatal systemic inflammatory response syndrome in a ornithine transcarbamylase deficient patient following adenoviral gene transfer. Mol. Genet. Metabol. 80: 148–158 (2003)

50. Tenenbaum L., Lehtonen E., Monahan P.E.: Evalua­tion of risks related to the use of adeno-associated virus-based vectors. Curr. Gene Ther. 3: 545-565 (2003)

51. Zarembo A.: Dangers of Gene Doping in Sports. Los Angeles Times (November 2004)

52. Arruda V.R., Fields P.A., Milner R., Wainwright L., De Miguel M.P., Donovan P.J., et al.: Lack of germline trans­mission of vector sequences following systemic admini­stration of recombinant AAV-2 vector in males. Mol. Ther. 4: 586-592 (2001)

53. Breidbach A., Catlin D.H., Green G.A., Tregub I., Truong H., Gorzek J.: Detection of recombinant human erythropoietin in urine by isoelectric focusing. Clin. Chem. 49: 901–907 (2003)

54. ACF News Source: http://www.acfnewsource.org/science/barcoded_blood.html

55. Ye X., Rivera V.M., Zoltick P., Cerasoli F.,Jr., Schnell M.A., Gao G., et al. : Regulated delivery of therapeutic proteins after in vivo somatic cell gene transfer. Science 283: 88-91 (1999)

56. Lasne F., Martin L., de Ceaurriz J., Larcher T., Moullier P., Chenuaud P.: Genetic Doping with erythropoietin cDNA in primate muscle is detectable. Mol. Ther. 10: 409-10 (2004)

57. Friedmann T., Koss J.O.: Gene transfer and athletics – An impending problem. Mol. Ther. 3: 819-820 (2001)

58. IOC: http://www.olympic.org

59. NeCeDo: http://www.necedo.nl

60. Miah A.: Gene-Doping: Sport. Values & Bioethics (Glasa J., ed.): The Ethics of Human Genetics; Strasburg, Council of Europe, pp.171-180

Online ISSN 1011-6575

Άρθρα Δημοσιευμένα σε αυτό το Περιοδικό Καταχωρούνται στα:
Chemical Abstracts

Elsevier’s Bibliographic Databases: Scopus, EMBASE, EMBiology, Elsevier BIOBASE
SCImago Journal and Country Rank Factor

Articles published in this Journal are Indexed or Abstracted in:
• Chemical Abstracts
• Elsevier’s Bibliographic Databases: Scopus, EMBASE, EMBiology, Elsevier BIOBASE
SCImago Journal and Country Rank Factor

Άρθρα Δημοσιευμένα στην Επιθεώρηση Κλινικής Φαρμακολογίας και Φαρμακοκινητικής-Ελληνική Έκδοση
Articles Published in Epitheorese Klinikes Farmakologias και Farmakokinetikes-Greek Edition

Συντακτικη Επιτροπή-Editorial Board

ΕΤΗΣΙΑ ΣΥΝΔΡΟΜΗ – ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION
Γλώσσα Πλήρους Κειμένου –
Full Text Language
Ελληνικά – Greek
Παραγγελία – Αγορά –
Order – Buy
pharmakonpress[at]pharmakonpress[.]gr
pharmakonpress[at]pharmakonpress[.]gr

 

Προσθέστε στους σελιδοδείκτες το μόνιμο σύνδεσμο.

Τα σχόλια είναι απενεργοποιημένα.